Microbial contamination and plastic packaging pose significant health and environmental risks and are nonrecyclable. Biomaterials are gaining popularity in food packaging due to their biodegradability, renewability, and eco-friendly nature. Therefore, zinc oxide-chitosan-based nanocomposite (ZnOCh) films were synthesised in this study as a biodegradable food packaging material. Three composite films were prepared, containing different concentrations of nanoparticles (1%, 2%, and 3% wt) and pure chitosan. Ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray, and scanning electron microscopy were used for characterisation. The films were also characterised for their biodegradability and ability to enhance the shelf life of chicken meat. Two bacterial strains were isolated from chicken meat and identified: SHA as Klebsiella pneumoniae (PQ313102) and SHC as Serratia marcescens (PQ312920). The appearance of a peak at 370 nm in UV-visible spectra confirms the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The SEM revealed a smooth surface of ZnOCh film with scattered nanoparticles, while degraded film showed less scattering and a rougher surface. The formation of peaks at 432 and 471 cm-1 in FTIR spectra confirmed the incorporation of ZnO, attributed to Zn-O stretching vibrations. ZnOCh 1% showed statistically significant degradation (96.50% ± 0.56%) after 14 days, and these films also showed promising results in increasing the shelf life of meat after 12 days of storage at 4°C. ZnOCh films showed significantly high (p ≤ 0.000) antibacterial activity (upto 19.6 ± 0.4 mm inhibition zone) against both erythromycin-resistant bacterial strains. Based on these results, this study suggests that ZnOCh films could be an alternative to plastic food packaging materials.

Abstract Currently, electrochemical study is the main focus of global research for green energy production and storage applications. Among transition metal sulfide family, nickel disulfide (NiS2) has a large number of redox‐active sites and high theoretical specific capacity, making it a potential material for high‐performance electrode materials for supercapacitors and water oxidation applications. A facile co‐precipitation approach is employed to prepare zirconium/polyaniline‐nickel disulfide (Zr/PANI‐NiS2) with highly active Zr (1 and 3 weight percentage (wt.%) doped into a fixed quantity (2 wt.%) of PANI. Optimized sample 3 wt.% Zr/PANI‐NiS2 exhibits superior oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a Tafel slope of 68 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique indicates 3 wt.% Zr sample has a higher surface area of 53.305 m2 g−1, resulting in more active sites with adequate charge transfer capability and better long‐term stability. For supercapacitor performance, 3 wt.% Zr/PANI‐NiS2 sample demonstrates a specific capacitance (1362 Fg−1 at 2 Ag−1), retention (96%), and coulombic efficiency (98%), respectively. Zr and PANI boost the efficiency of NiS2 via a synergistic effect, making it a promising material for supercapacitors and OER applications.

We develop an innovative framework for financial modeling by integrating stochastic differential geometry with Ricci flow dynamics. In this model, asset prices evolve on a Riemannian manifold, and volatility is governed by a stochastic Ricci flow equation, producing a dynamically evolving volatility surface influenced by geometric curvature and stochastic forcing. We establish rigorous theoretical results on the existence and uniqueness of stochastic flows and demonstrate their impact on option pricing. Numerical simulations illustrate volatility clustering, geometric deformation, and realistic asset price behavior under curvature-driven uncertainty. This approach extends classical stochastic volatility models by capturing intrinsic geometric features of market dynamics, offering a robust tool for modeling turbulence, clustering, and complex financial phenomena with enhanced fidelity.

A new electrophilewas synthesized and merged with 1,2,4-triazoleand piperidine to avail the aimed library of compounds, 10ai‑v and 10bi‑v. Various 4-(substituted)­benzenesulfonyl chlorides(1i‑v) were treated withethyl piperidin-4-carboxylate (2a) and ethyl piperidin-3-carboxylate(2b) to acquire 3ai‑v and 3bi‑v estersbearing a sulfamoyl moiety. These esters were converted to different1,2,4-triazoles 6ai‑v and 6bi‑v through the formationof carbohydrazides and thiosemicarbazides as intermediates. A newelectrophile, compound 9, was synthesized by reactionof bromoacetyl bromide (7) with an aromatic amine (8) under basic conditions. This electrophile was treated with 6ai‑v and 6bi‑v to avail the aimed library of compounds, 10ai‑v and 10bi‑v. The structural confirmation ofall of the synthesized compounds was performed through 1D NMR data.The whole library of synthesized compounds was evaluated for theirpharmacological potential against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase(BChE), alpha glucosidase, and urease enzymes. Compound 10aiii showed better % inhibition (63.37 ±1.25) against the AChE enzyme, while 10bi showed better % inhibition (72.38 ± 1.21) against theBChE enzyme as compared to the reference standards, Eserine and Pyridostigmine. 10bv showed best activity againstthe alpha-glucosidase enzyme with 64.7 ± 1.84% inhibition andthe best activity against the urease enzyme was presented by compound 10biii with the present inhibitionpotential of 49.3 ± 1.5. The best biofilm inhibition activitywas shown by compound 10bii witha % inhibition of 84.03141361 against bacterium, Escherichiacoli. Molecular docking was performed to check theactive sites of enzymes giving different values of binding affinity.The physicochemical properties and bioactivity values of synthesizedcompounds rendered them as active drugs. DFT was performed to studythe electronic characteristics including molecular electrostatic potential(MEP), structural optimization, and HOMO–LUMO energy gap toevaluate reactivity or stability of the synthesized compounds. Furthermore,full insight evaluation may lead us to find the best antienzymaticdrug candidates in the future.

Abstract In a photovoltaic (PV) system, faults such as Line to Ground (L_G) and Line to Line (L_L) can cause considerable efficiency losses and increase fire risks. Therefore, early detection, classification, and localization of these faults are essential for ensuring efficiency and safety. This paper introduces a new fault detection, classification, and localization algorithm. The algorithm uses information from a single current sensor positioned above the blocking diode in each PV string of the PV array. The key advantage of this algorithm is that it can operate effectively even in the presence of MPPT and blocking diodes.

Background: Entrepreneurship within sports has emerged as a growing field, emphasizing how psychological characteristics influence athletes’ professional development beyond competition. The Big Five Personality Traits (BFPTs) framework offers valuable insight into the cognitive and emotional foundations of entrepreneurial behaviors. Despite extensive research on university students, limited evidence exists on how these traits predict entrepreneurial intention (EI) and entrepreneurial attitude (EA) among university athletes, particularly through a gender-based lens. Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between BFPTs, EI, and EA among male and female university football athletes and to explore gender-specific variations influencing entrepreneurial behavior. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was adopted involving 180 university football athletes (90 male and 90 female) aged 18–25 years (M = 21.47, SD = 1.99) from six universities renowned for their competitive football programs at inter-varsity, national, and international levels. Data were collected using the Big Five Inventory-10 (BFI-10) and the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ). Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and hierarchical regression analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 27.0.1 to assess predictive relationships among variables. Results: The findings revealed significant gender-based differences in entrepreneurial predictors. Among male athletes, extraversion (β = –.402, p = .001) negatively predicted EA, whereas openness (β = .335, p = .005) positively predicted it. In female athletes, extraversion (β = –.295, p = .015) negatively and openness (β = .220, p = .065) positively predicted EA. Regarding EI, extraversion (β = –.415, p < .001) and neuroticism (β = –.317, p = .004) were significant negative predictors in males, while extraversion alone (β = –.275, p = .023) negatively predicted EI in females. Conclusion: Personality traits, particularly extraversion, openness, and neuroticism, were found to significantly influence entrepreneurial orientation among university football athletes. Gender-specific differences suggest the importance of personalized, personality-based entrepreneurship training to enhance athletes’ post-sport career transitions.