Abstract Pathology deals with the study of disease or how the organism’s normal and healthy physiological functioning can become dysfunctional or altered. To understand humoral pathology is to recognize a departure from the normal state of health. According to the Unani medicine philosophy, we should be aware of the necessary constituents of the body. The normal physiology of the body and the normal state of its organs are defined under the heading of Umūr Tabī'iyya (seven natural factors). Therefore, pathology involves an imbalance, dysfunction, or breakdown of one or more of these seven natural factors. Out of these, mizāj (temperament/constitution) and akhlāṭ (humors) are of utmost importance for the maintenance and preservation of health in human beings. Unani physicians described that the right proportion and intermixture of akhlāṭ based on quantity and quality constitute health, whereas an imbalance in quantity or quality leads to disease. These akhlāṭ primarily provide nutrition to respective organs and serve various bodily functions. Various factors can alter the proper balance of these akhlāṭ resulting in disease. An attempt is made to organize and systematize the scattered factors responsible for humoral disproportion. Therefore, the present article examines and scrutinizes the aforementioned issues in a painstaking way.

Abstract Background: Differentiation of similar-looking crude drugs when observed separately may, sometimes, be perplexing. Simple manual-based differentiation methods may be helpful in such case at the initial prospect. Materials and Methods: This study aimed at adding some new parameters to the existing methods for the identification and differentiation of crude drugs. This study included similar-looking leaves, roots and seeds/fruits, which were examined by organoleptic, macroscopic, and microscopic characters along with certain add-on parameters such as measurement of length at different points, the shape of the notch of a leaf, the distance between parallel veins, the angle made by the upper and lower end of roots, and sliding microscopy of seeds. Results: The findings proved helpful in the differentiation of similar-looking drugs by additional parameters. Conclusion: Add-on parameters may be used for other similar-looking drugs.

Abstract The ancient Hippocratic medicine, which prevailed in Europe for nearly two millennia, has undergone a transformation and found contemporary expression in the form of Unani medicine. This tradition, rooted in the Ionian (Greek) approach, revolves around the theory of humors. Unani medicine migrated from Greece to the Arab world and subsequently to India and Pakistan, where it has been widely embraced and practiced. Exploring the educational journey of a practitioner in Liverpool has revealed the existence of an international network of Unani medicine. Many of its teachers and practitioners originate from the Indian subcontinent. This once-dominant therapeutic system is experiencing a resurgence in the West, particularly within the realms of complementary, alternative, or integrative medicine. This article aims to highlight the historical journey of Unani medicine, emphasizing its evolution from ancient Greece to its current status as a relevant and practiced system in the West.

Abstract Introduction: Ma‘Jῡn Hajrul Yahood (MHY), a Unani pharmacopoeial preparation, has been used for urolithiasis since time immemorial. The present study aimed to establish the safety and evaluate the antiurolithiatic activity of aqueous extract of MHY on calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis in rats. The toxicity study was carried out as per the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines. Materials and Methods: For antiurolithiatic activity, four male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups. The animals in plain control were provided water ad libitum; the other four groups received ethylene glycol 0.75% and ammonium chloride 1% added to their drinking water for the first 7 days for induction of urolithiasis. The standard group received Cystone (750 mg/kg, b.w.), while test groups A and B were administered an aqueous extract of MHY (280 and 560 mg/kg), respectively, for the next 14 days. Results: The number of CaOx crystals in urine, serum, and urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, creatinine, urea, and sodium was analyzed. MHY showed no toxic effect in single- and repeated-dose toxicity studies. Extract-treated animals showed improvement in body weight with significantly fewer crystals in urine (P < 0.001). Significant (P < 0.01) reduction was observed in urea, creatinine, and phosphorus in the urine of the animals treated with both doses of MHY, while serum creatinine and calcium reduced significantly (P < 0.01) in test group B. Conversely, magnesium levels increased significantly (P < 0.01) in both the test groups. Histology of the kidney showed no crystal deposition in treated groups with almost normal kidney architecture. Conclusion: The MHY has a significant lithotriptic effect.

Abstract In anemia, red blood cells or the hemoglobin concentration are below the defined cutoff value in their number and size. In the Unani System of Medicine, anemia is termed Faqr al-Dam which means “shortage of blood.” Anemia is still common in India, and its prevalence has increased across all age groups. Among infants, pregnant and nonpregnant women as well as men, anemia has increased by 2%–9% according to data from NFHS-5 released on November 24, 2021. The main purpose of this article is to describe the prevalence, severity, and burden of anemia among teenagers at the national and subnational levels. All the data were collected from various articles, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare website, and other manuscripts. Between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5, the prevalence of anemia has increased among children by 8.5% and adolescents (girls by 5% and boys by 1.9%). State-wise situation, Assam had the worst performance rise of 32.7%, followed by Mizoram with an increase of 27.1% among children aged 6–59 months. The Indian government has launched different control programs to combat anemia for several years, but current data shows that there should be more improvement and strict implementation of those control programs in every state.

Abstract Background: Mankind has been afflicted with the calculi in urinary tract dating back to 4000 B.C. It has been considered the most common urinary tract illness. Preventing the recurrence of renal stones remains a serious human health issue. Various procedures are available for the removal of calculi with associated different complications in the contemporary medicine. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a polyherbal Unani formulation; Majoon Sang Sar-e-Mahi, in the patients of Hasat-e-Bauliyah (urolithiasis). Materials and Methods: This was an exploratory, single-arm, pre- and post-treatment clinical trial entailing 30 radiologically diagnosed cases of urolithiasis. The patients, who agree to give the informed consent and follow-up the protocol of either sex having the age between 18 and 65 years, were included in the study. Five grams of Majoon Sang Sar-e-Mahi was advised to take orally twice in a day for 45 days. Results: The assessments of subjective parameters were done on every 15th day of follow-up using an arbitrary scale. All the patients were objectively assessed by an ultrasonography (USG) of the abdomen and pelvis before and after the completion of clinical trial. The results were analyzed statistically using Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Student’s paired t-test (two-tailed), and proportion test. The subjective parameters like pain in abdomen showed significant relief with (P < 0.001). Objective parameters like USG abdomen showed significant results (P < 0.001). The size of the stone showed a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.001). Conclusion: No significant adverse effect was observed during and after the trial. Based on achieved results, it may be concluded that Majoon Sang Sar-e-Mahi is safe and effective in the management of the patients suffering from renal calculi.

Abstract Background: Children are the most vulnerable group that suffers from malnutrition. Nutritional status can affect the overall development of children. It may also affect the school performance of children. The present study is an attempt to assess the nutritional status of school-going children and its association with their school performance. Materials and Methods: A total of 430 students from classes 3 to 7 standard from two schools in rural Bangalore, India, were included in the study. Information on the age and socioeconomic status of students were collected from school records. Height and weight measurements were taken. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Children were clinically examined for pallor. World Health Organization ‘Z’ score charts were used to categorize weight for age, height for age, and BMI for age. The annual scholastic performance has been correlated with the poor nutrition of children. Student’s t-test (two-tailed, independent) and Chi-square/Fisher exact test have been used to evaluate the relationship between nutritional status and annual scholastic performance. Results: A total of 430 students participated in this study. The prevalence of underweight in boys was 25.21% (119) and in girls was 19.82% (111). The prevalence of stunting in boys was 12.60% (119), while in girls, it was 9% (111). The prevalence of wasting in the boys was 32.77% (119) and was 29.73% (111) in the girl, respectively. Among them, A + grade results were in 10 (2.30%), B grade results were in 70 (35.0%), and B + grade results were in 81 (35.22%). Conclusion: Hence, we conclude that the prevalence of malnutrition is higher among males than in females and children with lower socioeconomic status are more affected. Moreover, the nutritional status of the children is closely associated with their academic performances.

Abstract Introduction: Stone formation is one of the common urological disorders; the Unani system of medicine provides an immense treasure of single and compound formulations for the safe management of urolithiasis. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of Unani medicine formulation Safoof-e-Pattharphori with Sharbat Bazoori Motadil in patients of Hasat-ul-Kulya (renal stone) as conservative treatment. Materials and Methods: This was a single-arm, open-labeled, pre and post without-control clinical trial entailing 30 diagnosed cases of Hasat-ul-Kulya (renal stone) up to 10 mm diagnosed by ultrasonography (USG), belonging to 18–65 years of age, either sex, and who had agreed to sign the informed consent form and follow up the protocol. The patients were exposed with Unani formulation, i.e., 5 g of Safoof-e-Pattharphori orally once daily with 50 ml of Sharbat Bazoori Motadil up to 45 days with three follow-ups. The assessments of subjective parameters were done at every 15th day of follow-up using an arbitrary scale. The assessments of objective parameters were carried out before and after the trial. The results were analyzed statistically using Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Student’s paired t-test (two-tailed), and proportion test. Results: The subjective parameters like pain in the abdomen showed significant relief with P < 0.001. Objective parameters such as USG abdomen showed significant results (P < 0.001). The size of the stone showed a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.001). No significant adverse changes were observed in safety parameters during and after the trial. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the Unani formulation Safoof-e-Pattharphori with Sharbat Bazoori Motadil is safe and effective in renal stone treatment.

Abstract Background and Objectives: Abnormal vaginal discharge (AVD) is the most common complaint in reproductive age group women. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of Murr makki (Commiphora myrrha Linn) in AVD. Materials and Methods: Married women in the age group of 18–45 years presenting with complaint of AVD irrespective of pathology were included in the study and patients with recurrent vaginal discharge, sexually transmitted diseases, pelvic inflammatory diseases, systemic diseases, and malignancy, using antibiotics or contraceptives, pregnant and lactating women were excluded. Three grams Murr makki powder was administered orally with Baiza Neem Baristh (half-fried egg) in empty stomach once daily for 3 days. Clinical improvement (changes in white discharge per vaginum, pruritis vulvae, low back ache was assessed on three-pointer scale), and laboratory improvement (changes in vaginal pH and wet mount) was assessed during the trial. Follow-up was done weekly once for 2 weeks during the study period to assess the effect of treatment. Results were analyzed using Student’s t-test. Results: About 76.7% of patients showed clinical improvement and 23.3% of patients had no improvement, while 43.3% of patients had laboratory improvement and 56.7% had no improvement. Interpretation and Conclusion: Murr makki can offer an appropriate safe alternate medicine for women with AVD, who like to use herbal medicines, or who are resistant to antibiotics. Further, no adverse effect of Murr makki was reported during the trial and safety parameters are within normal limits, thus indicating that Murr makki can be safely used in the prescribed dosage in patients with AVD.