Due to their high energy density, thionyl chloride technology are used in a wide range of applications in the aerospace industry. These cells consist of a lithium metal anode and a SOCl2 liquid cathode. The safety problems posed by these cells received particular attention in the 70 and 80s. However, the generation of shock waves during thermal runaway has never been demonstrated. In this article, for the second time, aerial shock waves are characterized for cells composed of lithium metal. Although the TNT equivalent of thionyl chloride cells is widely dispersed between 0.008 and 0.3 g. Its impact on the mechanical structures of the battery module should not be neglected, nor should its impact on people.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the evolution of professional soccer players’ training status by monitoring an indicator of cardiovascular fitness (ΔHR) over an entire season. The locomotor activity (GPS) and heart rate (HR) of 31 professional soccer players were recorded during small-sided games (SSG) during the 2022–2023 season. Individual predictive models of HR responses built using machine learning methods (i.e. Linear Regression, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting) were trained on a dataset that contains GPS and weather data, Borg CR-10 scale scores and cumulative load. ΔHR was defined as the difference between predicted and measured HR responses. Robustness of models was assessed through a resampling procedure (n = 20). A difference in ΔHR between months was found (p < .05), with a decrease of ΔHR between the early and the middle of the season, and an increase between the middle and the end of the season. The best HR predictive performance was obtained by Random Forest models trained on data including GPS, weather and preceding training load (Mean Absolute Error = 6.59 ± 1.41). Given its ease of use in the context of elite football, ΔHR represents an invisible method to follow elite football players’ training status.

ABSTRACTThe transition from normal (surface) to abnormal (convective) burning modes of explosives is still a difficult phenomenon to model. This transition, which yields the acceleration of the combustion propagation, could result in a violent reaction. Nowadays, abnormal burning is interpreted as an increase in burning surface area. The latter depends on the initial state of the microstructure and therefore of the mechanical history. This paper considers the coupling between the combustion of HMX‐based polymer‐bonded explosives and its previous mechanical loadings. The experimental set‐ups used to (1) apply a triaxial compression (that mimics the mechanical fields experienced by the explosive composition when submitted to a Steven test) and (2) burn the samples in a closed vessel will be described. Experiments show a strong dependence on the critical pressure leading to abnormal combustion on a previous mechanical loading. An analytical model is proposed to determine the real‐time burning surface area during combustion. It enables modelling of the increase in surface area increase when the critical pressure is reached. Experimental results and surface determinations are presented in this paper. Future works will be discussed.

GPS tracking has enabled significant advances in the study of animal movements such as migration and habitat use. However, GPS devices can affect the behaviour of tagged individuals, especially for flying animals such as birds, and may ultimately impair their reproduction and/or survival. While numerous studies have investigated the potential negative effects of GPS‐tags on birds, few have simultaneously looked at these effects on reproduction and survival, with studies on the latter sometimes suffering from methodological flaws. This study investigated the effects of GPS‐tagging on the breeding success and survival of a medium‐sized raptor, Bonelli's Eagle Aquila fasciata. Forty‐five breeding adults were equipped with backpack‐mounted GPS‐tags representing 1.2–3.5% of individual body mass. Using a recently developed capture–mark–recapture model that accounts for differences in detectability between types of tags (metal ring, coloured ring or GPS), our results showed no significant differences in survival or breeding success between GPS‐tagged and banded individuals. Overall, we did not observe deleterious effects of GPS‐tagging on Bonelli's Eagle that would warn against the use of GPS‐tags in this species, or other medium‐to‐large raptors, given the relevant information they might provide for conservation.

Purpose: The recent rise in the incidence of cancer in younger adults has been described in high-income countries. This study aimed to identify cancer incidence trends in France among adolescent and young adult (AYA) population. Methods: All cases of cancer diagnosed in 15-39 years, recorded by all French population-based registries (24% of the population), over the 2000-2020 period, were included. World age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) and annual percentage change (APC) of incidence over time were calculated. Results: We analyzed 54,735 cancer diagnoses in AYAs. The ASR over the 2000-2020 period in 15-39 years was 58.1 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 57.0-59.2). ASR was lower in males (47.2 [45.7-48.6]) than in females (68.9 [67.2-70.6]). Incidence per 100,000 differed with age group from the lowest, 20.5 (19.8-21.2) in 15-19 years, to the highest, 130.3 (128.6-132.0) in 35-39 years. Increases in incidence were observed for essential thrombocythemia (APC: 3.33% [1.52-5.16]), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (APC: 1.86% [1.21-2.52]), liposarcoma (APC: 3.68% [0.83-6.61]), carcinomas of urinary tract (APC: 3.95% [2.85-5.06]), gastrointestinal tract (APC: 2.62% [1.96-3.28]), and breast (APC: 1.61% [1.22-2.01]) from 2000 to 2020, glioblastoma (APC: 6.11% [3.06-9.26]), and other astrocytomas (APC: 7.41% [5.13-9.75]) from 2005 to 2020. Decreases in incidence were observed for oligodendroglioma (APC: -8.78% during 2005-2020), and other invasive carcinomas (APC: -3.34% during 2000-2020). Conclusion: Increases in the incidence of some AYA cancer types are observed HL, liposarcoma, carcinomas of colorectum, breast, and kidney. Results for central nervous system tumors are still to be confirmed in the years to come. Extensive efforts are needed to identify underlying risk factors responsible for these trends to inform prevention strategies.

Access to the nitro functional group is a very common and longstanding transformation of interest in many fields of chemistry. However, the robustness and specificity of this transformation can remain challenging, particularly in the case of heteroarene nitration. From this observation, a large investigation was initiated to screen nitration conditions on various arenes and heteroarenes. The systematical and diverse study of both nitrating agents and activating reagents was conducted using high-throughput experimentation, to afford high quantity and high quality data generation. General trends have been identified and correlated to the electronic property of the heteroarene, notably the difficult nitration of electron-poor heteroarenes was highlighted. Original combinations of reagents were found to perform well in nitration reactions. The obtained data were also used to design a predictive tool relying on machine learning in order to provide the best nitration reaction conditions depending on the targeted substrate. The limited predictive efficiency obtained pointed out the importance of the diversification and the chemically relevant encoding of the data set.

Access to the nitro functional group is a very common and longstanding transformation of interest in many fields of chemistry. However, the robustness and specificity of this transformation can remain challenging, particularly in the case of heteroarene nitration. From this observation, a large investigation was initiated to screen nitration conditions on various arenes and heteroarenes. The systematical and diverse study of both nitrating agents and activating reagents was conducted using high-throughput experimentation, to afford high quantity and high quality data generation. General trends have been identified and correlated to the electronic property of the heteroarene, notably the difficult nitration of electron-poor heteroarenes was highlighted. Original combinations of reagents were found to perform well in nitration reactions. The obtained data were also used to design a predictive tool relying on machine learning in order to provide the best nitration reaction conditions depending on the targeted substrate. The limited predictive efficiency obtained pointed out the importance of the diversification and the chemically relevant encoding of the data set.