Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly became a world pandemic disease constituting a strong burden on health systems, with a devastating impact on social and economic living.Primarily affecting the respiratory system, producing severe pneumonia and respiratory failure evolving into an ARDS like presentation, COVID-19 has shown to substantially impact patients with pre-existing cardiovascular comorbidities. Also, cardiac manifestations directly related to COVID-19 have been acknowledged successively contributing to the high morbidity associated with this viral infection.This review will focus on the cardiovascular manifestations related to SARS CoV2 infection.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global public health catastrophe. Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is proven to be the most effective measure to suppress the pandemic. With the widespread application of the four vaccines, namely, ChAdOx1, Ad26.COV2.S, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273.2, several adverse effects have been reported. The most serious type of complication is cardiovascularly related, including myocarditis, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), cerebral sinus venous thrombosis, among others. All these adverse events undermine the health of the vaccinees and affect the administration of the vaccines. As the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines is surrounded by suspicion and rumors, it is essential to provide the public with accurate reports from trusted experts and journals. Monitoring the safety of COVID-19 vaccines is an important and ongoing process that is also urgent. Thus, we summarized the cardiovascular complications of the major types of COVID-19 vaccines, including mRNA vaccines, which are now generally considered to be innovative vaccines, and the future for vaccination against COVID-19, in addition to the underlying pathogenesis and potential therapeutics.

Pre‐existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases the morbidity and mortality of COVID‐19 and is strongly associated with poor disease outcomes. However, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection can also trigger de novo acute and chronic cardiovascular disease. Acute cardiac complications include arrhythmia, myocarditis and heart failure, which are significantly associated with higher in‐hospital mortality. The possible mechanisms by which SARS‐CoV‐2 causes this acute cardiac disease include direct damage caused by viral invasion of cardiomyocytes as well as indirect damage through systemic inflammation. The long‐term cardiac complications associated with COVID‐19 are incompletely characterised and thought to include hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary atherosclerosis and heart failure. Although some cardiac‐related symptoms can last over 6 months, the effect of these complications on long‐term patient health remains unclear. The risk factors associated with long‐term cardiovascular disease remain poorly defined. Determining which patients are most at‐risk of long‐term cardiovascular disease is vital so that targeted follow‐up and patient care can be provided. The aim of this review was to summarise the current evidence of the acute and long‐term cardiovascular consequences of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and the mechanisms by which SARS‐CoV‐2 may cause cardiovascular disease.

Cardiac injury is common in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and cardiac abnormalities have been observed in a significant number of recovered COVID-19 patients, portending long-term health issues for millions of infected individuals. To better understand how Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, CoV-2 for short) damages the heart, it is critical to fully comprehend the biology of CoV-2 encoded proteins, each of which may play multiple pathological roles. For example, CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (CoV-2-S) not only engages angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) to mediate virus infection but also directly activates immune responses. In this work, the goal is to review the known pathological roles of CoV-2-S in the cardiovascular system, thereby shedding lights on the pathogenesis of COVID-19 related cardiac injury.

The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has been rampant since 2019, severely affecting global public health, and causing 5.75 million deaths worldwide. So far, many vaccines have been developed to prevent the infection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the emergence of new variants may threat vaccine recipients as they might evade immunological surveillance that depends on the using of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody to neutralize the viral particles. Recent studies have found that recipients who received two doses of vaccination plus an additional booster shoot were able to quickly elevate neutralization response and immune response against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus and some initially appeared viral variants. In this review, we assessed the real-world effectiveness of different COVID-19 vaccines by population studies and neutralization assays and compared neutralization responses of booster vaccines in vitro. Finally, as the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine is expected to decline over time, continued vaccination should be considered to achieve a long-term immune protection against coronavirus.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the deadly disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has reached pandemic proportions. Currently, there is no definitive treatment for COVID-19, although many vaccines have been developed. The World Health Organization has approved the safety and efficacy of the AstraZeneca/Oxford, Johnson and Johnson/Janssen (JnJ), Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech, Sinopharm, and Sinovac vaccines so far. The approved formulations of AstraZeneca, JnJ, and Gam-COVID-vac (Sputnik V) contain DNA delivered within non-replicating recombinant adenovirus vector-based systems, while the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines utilize mRNA technology and lipid nanoparticle delivery systems. All of these vaccines encode production of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, ultimately triggering immunity in the human body. COVID-19 causes several cardiovascular complications, such as arrhythmias, myocarditis, pericarditis, and venous thromboembolism. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been associated with rare, but sometimes fatal, cardiovascular side effects, which are the topics of this review. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in general may cause thromboembolic events, such as cerebral vein thrombosis, and mRNA-based vaccines in particular may cause myocarditis/pericarditis, with the latter more likely to occur in younger adults after the second vaccination dose. Nevertheless, the advantages of these vaccines for ending the pandemic and/or decreasing the mortality rate outweigh any risk for the rare cardiovascular complications.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic health emergency in March 2020. Elderly patients and those with pre-existing medical conditions including cardiovascular disease are at increased risk of developing severe disease. Not only is the viral infection with SARS-CoV-2 associated with higher mortality in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease, but development of cardiovascular complications is also common in patients with COVID-19. Even after recovery from the acute illness, post-acute COVID syndrome with cardiopulmonary manifestations can occur in some patients. Additionally, there are rare but increasingly recognized adverse events, including cardiovascular side effects, reported with currently available COVID-19 vaccines. In this review, we discuss the most common cardiovascular complications of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 vaccines, cardiopulmonary manifestations of post-acute COVID syndrome and the current evidence-based guidance on the management of such complications.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has hit the world very hard by affecting millions of people across countries hence posing a major health threat on a global scale. This novel virus is thought to enter and cause infection in its host through the attachment of its structural protein known as the S-glycoprotein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). COVID-19 is presented with asymptomatic, mild, or severe pneumonia-like symptoms. During the infection, the cardiovascular system is affected by unknown pathophysiological processes. Among COVID-19 patients, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is resulting into cardiac injury, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI), arrhythmic infestation and myocarditis. The results of the meta-analysis suggest that CVD and its risk factors are closely related to fatal outcomes in COVID-19 for patients across all ages. Hence, from a cardiovascular standpoint, there are concerns as to whether patients with underlying cardiovascular conditions are at a higher risk of an aggravated COVID-19 infection. Also, as to whether COVID-19 infections induce cardiomyopathies that were not in existence prior to the infection. Nonetheless, much needs to be discovered about the cardiac involvement of this novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection and its relationship with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). For acute CVD events, the use of antiplatelet agents, β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) and statins are recommended per practice guidelines. Whether the medications which patients used for cardiovascular disease will interfere with the treatment or the outcome of COVID-19, is still unknown. With the invent of vaccines and as new clinical evidences emerging, the diagnosis and treatment may change. The purpose of this concise review is to discuss CVD and related potential disorders in patients with COVID-19 which involves SARS-CoV-2 infection, pathophysiology, role of ACE2 in cardiac injury, possible mechanism of cardiac complications and clinical manifestations.

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic worsens, this global pandemic is impacting more than 200 countries/regions and more than 4,500,000 confirmed cases worldwide. COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which might attack not only the respiratory system, but also the other important organs, including the heart. It was reported that COVID-19 patients with a past history of cardiovascular diseases would have a higher mortality. Meanwhile, elevated troponin levels were frequently observed in COVID-19 cases. Besides the comprehensive treatments for COVID-19, as a cardiologist, we should also remain vigilant about the cardiac injuries, especially those with severe emergent cardiovascular symptoms.

A pandemic of historic impact, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has potential consequences on the cardiovascular health of millions of people who survive infection worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of COVID-19, can infect the heart, vascular tissues, and circulating cells through ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), the host cell receptor for the viral spike protein. Acute cardiac injury is a common extrapulmonary manifestation of COVID-19 with potential chronic consequences. This update provides a review of the clinical manifestations of cardiovascular involvement, potential direct SARS-CoV-2 and indirect immune response mechanisms impacting the cardiovascular system, and implications for the management of patients after recovery from acute COVID-19 infection.