Zebrafish cooperate while inspecting predators: experimental evidence for conditional approach

Abstract

Different fish species use a conditional approach strategy during predator inspection; the risk of approaching a predator is distributed across all inspectors but is not shared with the animals that keep their distance. Zebrafish, Danio rerio, a highly social fish, is increasingly being used in behavioural neuroscience, but it is not known whether it displays conditional approach. In the predator inspection task, animals are observed in a tank with a refuge in one extremity and an animated image of a predator in the other extremity, with a mirror positioned in parallel to the tank, simulating a perfectly reciprocating conspecific. In experiment 1, animals spent more time in an inspection zone when the image was turned on, but also displayed more erratic swimming, suggesting cooperation under fear. In experiment 2, animals spent more time inspecting predators when the mirror was parallel to the tank (‘cooperating mirror’) than when the mirror was at an angle (‘defecting mirror’), suggesting retaliatory behaviour; in both conditions, animals displayed more freezing and erratic swimming. In experiment 3, no changes in behaviour were observed, regardless of mirror position, when the image was turned off, suggesting that the choice of specific zones in experiment 2 was not due to shoaling tendencies. These results suggest that predator inspection is associated with conditional approach, while at the same time inducing fear-like behaviour in the animal.