Youth Insights

Differentiation of access security of Russians to information-cultural content and cultural characteristics of residents of different types of settlements is considered. Statistics 1970–2020s shows that the differences in the information and cultural infrastructure of various types of settlements were largely smoothed out (although not completely eliminated) in the late Soviet era. However, the absence of qualitative differences between different types of settlements in access to the main channels of constant broadcasting of information and cultural content is combined, according to sociological surveys organized by the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Scientific Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, with the preservation of culturally determined significant differences in the consumption of these contents. This is a factor in the reproduction of the differences between modern Russians living in different types of settlements in terms of adherence to different cultural values and attitudes. As expected, in accordance with the theories of urbanization and modernization, the urban population in Russia in the 21st century is somewhat more committed to the values of modern society (freedom, innovation, etc.) than the rural population. At the same time, the data of the all- Russian sociological survey conducted in 2021 showed strong differences depending on the type of urban settlement. The most advanced in terms of modernization are residents of cities with a population of 0.5–1.0 million people, i.e. far from the most urbanized settlements. Unexpectedly, the cultural values of the inhabitants of the two Russian capitals turned out, in terms of compliance with the norms of modern society, by no means the most advanced. An inverted U-shaped model of sociologically identifiable cultural settlement differences shows the incompleteness of cultural modernization in post-Soviet Russia, which forms the most important components of social capital.

BackgroundTrust is regarded as a necessary component for the smooth running of society, although societal and political modernising processes have been linked to an increase in mistrust, potentially signalling social and economic problems. Fukuyama developed the notion of ‘high trust’ and ‘low trust’ societies, as a way of understanding trust within different societies. The purpose of this paper is to empirically test and extend Fukuyama’s theory utilising data on interpersonal trust in Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Australia and Thailand. This paper focuses on trust in family, neighbours, strangers, foreigners and people with a different religion.MethodsCross-sectional surveys were undertaken in 2009–10, with an overall sample of 6331. Analyses of differences in overall levels of trust between countries were undertaken using Chi square analyses. Multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis was undertaken to identify socio-demographic predictors of trust in each country.ResultsOur data indicate a tripartite trust model: ‘high trust’ in Australia and Hong Kong; ‘medium trust’ in Japan and Taiwan; and ‘low trust’ in South Korea and Thailand. Trust in family and neighbours were very high across all countries, although trust in people with a different religion, trust in strangers and trust in foreigners varied considerably between countries. The regression models found a consistent group of subpopulations with low trust across the countries: people on low incomes, younger people and people with poor self-rated health. The results were conflicting for gender: females had lower trust in Thailand and Hong Kong, although in Australia, males had lower trust in strangers, whereas females had lower trust in foreigners.ConclusionThis paper identifies high, medium and low trust societies, in addition to high and low trusting population subgroups. Our analyses extend the seminal work of Fukuyama, providing both corroboration and refutation for his theory.

PurposeThis paper investigates the determinants of subjective well-being in Europe using the European Living, Working and COVID-19 (ELWC) Survey carried out by Eurofound (2021). Socio-demographics characteristics, employment status, measures of economic distress, inequality and work life balance are considered. Particular attention is paid to how quality of government support (QGS), that considers the dimensions of good governance such as integrity, fairness, reliability, responsiveness and influences subjective mental well-being (WHO-5) through the mediation of trust in other people and in institutions.Design/methodology/approachTo this end, the authors estimate a moderated mediation model for analysing the indirect role of QGS on WHO-5 through institutional trust and trust in people.FindingsThe results support the hypothesis that the reduction in WHO-5 in the European population during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID--19), particularly marked in the 18–34 age group, is related to the perceived inadequacy of government interventions in managing economic and social uncertainty through supportive measures. This outcome is also due to reduced trust in institutions and other people, as both are significant mediators that reinforce the impact of public support on WHO-5.Practical implicationsGovernment should pay greater attention to this relationship amongst good governance, trust and mental health of citizens because a healthy human capital is a significant factor for the long-run economic growth, in a special way when the authors refer to the young workforce with a greater life expectancy.Originality/valueIn the literature, the role of trust as a mediator has been analysed in the relationship between individual economic situations and subjective well-being before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no studies have examined the role of perceived QGS on subjective mental well-being using the mediating and backing effects of trust in people and institutions.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-08-2022-0549.

The article presents eight methods of functional planning organization of territories for different types of settlements (hereinafter referred to as methods), which expand the options for solutions when designing urban, village and rural settlements. Given the differences in the functional planning organization of different types of settlements, it is worth noting certain features that are better adapted to different population sizes and the corresponding settlement in which they live. Each method has a brief description that highlights the basic concepts of grouping objects that are planned to be located in settlements. Different groups have their own characteristics and require appropriate conditions for mutual organization regarding location and relationships. Methods may have their own advantages and disadvantages, which in combination can help minimize disadvantages with their successful selection and application. The article presents analytical results of the organization of territories for settlements, helping to structure some of the author's methods and list their main capabilities. In general, the above list of methods contributes to the expansion of approaches to the organization of territories, which can be used in combination and complement existing ones. The main attention is paid to such methods as: intensification of territories, formation of connections, specialized grouping, institutional localization, rapid adaptation, centralization, decentralization and their combination, as well as transformation. Such methods are oriented towards the functional-planning organization of territories for different types of settlements, but may have their own certain characteristics. The article also briefly presents three types of planning models: universal, special and combined, which play an important role in a significant number of methods.

This article analyses the specificity of subjective social well-being in the context of settlement inequalities. The empirical basis of the analysis is the data of all-Russian representative studies conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is shown that over the past two decades, significant shifts have occurred in the mass consciousness of Russians in terms of perception of various indicators of social well-being. This has led to the formation of a stable and generally harmonious picture of subjective social well-being among residents of all types of settlements. It was also recorded that the indicators related to basic needs (assessments of food, clothing, housing conditions, material security and health) and the social microworld (assessments of family relationships, opportunities for communicating with friends, professional fulfilment, obtaining the necessary education, organising recreation during vacations, leisure time, as well as the situation at work) were perceived more positively by the majority of respondents than the components of social well-being characterising the specifics of the local community (assessments of the place of residence, the position occupied in society, the level of personal safety and the environmental situation) and the conditional "macroworld" (assessments of the availability of the Internet and digital technologies, the level of social security in the event of job loss, as well as opportunities for expressing political views, receiving the necessary medical care and influencing one's own life). The article shows that the subjective social well-being of villagers in comparison with city dwellers still differs for the worse, with the exception of the perception of the block of characteristics of social well-being associated with the specifics of the local community, i.e. place of residence. In this regard, according to the results of the 2023 study, rural residents outperformed city dwellers for the first time. In general, a noticeable trend was revealed towards smoothing out settlement differences in the perception of various aspects of social well-being, primarily due to higher rates of improvement in subjective assessments among rural residents. It was also noted that the problematic background in the perception of social well-being is formed due to the relative dissatisfaction of Russians with certain aspects of life. They are primarily associated with the skeptical assessment by residents of all populated areas of the level of social security of an individual in the event of job loss, dissatisfaction among the population of the centres of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the environmental situation there, as well as persistent problems with access to the necessary medical care in rural areas.

The concept of social capital shows great promise for its potential to influence individual and population health. Yet challenges persist in defining and measuring social capital, and little is known about the mechanisms that link social capital and health. This paper reports on the quantitative phase of a sequential explanatory mixed methods study using data from Canada's 2013 General Social Survey (data collected 2013-14). An exploratory factor analysis revealed six underlying dimensions of social capital for 7,187 adults living in Ontario, Canada. These factors included trust in people, neighbourhood social capital, trust in institutions, sense of belonging, civic engagement, and social network size. A logistic regression indicated that having high Trust in People and Trust in Institutions were associated with better mental health while high Trust in Institutions, Sense of Belonging, and Civic Engagement were associated with better physical health. When comparing rural and urban residents, there were no differences in their self-reported health, nor did social capital influence their health any differently, despite rural residents having higher social capital scores. The study findings are important for understanding the nature of social capital and how it influences health, and provide direction for targeted health promotion strategies.

Российское общество вступило в период динамичного внедрения цифровых технологий во все сферы жизни; в этих условиях информационно-цифровая активность из элементов профессиональной, образовательной, досуговой деятельности превратилась в критерий для определения места каждого гражданина на шкале освоения цифровых ресурсов. В данной статье анализируется поведение социальных групп с позиций адаптации к цифровым технологиям, а также с позиций состояния самой адаптивной ситуации — цифрового пространства в российских регионах, технологических и поведенческих критериев стратификации индивидов по шкале «онлайн — офлайн». Актуальность исследования адаптивных практик жителей российских регионов, их мотивации в процессе освоения конкретных цифровых технологий не вызывает сомнений в силу теоретической и практической значимости. Теоретическая часть статьи содержит классификацию адаптивных практик, их анализ с позиций эффективности в эпоху цифровизации; критерии и индикаторы измерения информационно-цифрового неравенства массовых пользователей. Эмпирическая часть статьи основана на данных авторского межрегионального исследования «Информационно-цифровое неравенство населения и способы его преодоления» (2018 г.); выборка анкетного опроса репрезентирует население Пензенской и Ульяновской областей, проживающее в населенных пунктах разных типов (крупные, средние, малые города, сельские поселения), имеющее разные возрастные и образовательные характеристики. Сравнение «цифровой» стратификации населения по разным профилям показало, что технологическая доступность онлайн-пространства в разных типах поселений российской провинции опережает мотивационно-поведенческую доступность. Барьеры освоения цифровых ресурсов носят мотивационный, когнитивный, экономический характер; они присутствуют во всех группах населения, но чаще — среди людей старших возрастных групп; жителей сёл и поселков, работников с начальным профессиональным образованием; бедных и малообеспеченных семей. Из всех типов адаптивных практик эффективны те, которые сопряжены с высоким уровнем позитивной мотивации, цифровой активности и грамотности; ядро эффективных адаптантов составляют молодые люди, женщины, жители крупных городов, предприниматели, специалисты с высшим образованием. В статье описаны стимулы повышения информационно-цифровой активности представителей разных типов социальной адаптации. Благодарность. Статья подготовлена при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (РФФИ). Грант №18-411-730009 «Информационно-цифровое неравенство и способы его преодоления в регионе».

Spatial differences in the labour force participation of married women: the case of Israel's peripheral areas

The purpose of the article is to determine the level of poverty among Ukrainian pensioners, assess deprivations, including those in different types of settlements, and forecast the impact of full-scale military actions on the increase in monetary poverty. Studying poverty among pensioners during wartime is very important, as retirement age is a time in life when a person can no longer ensure a stable income, except for their pension, and requires access to healthcare and various social services. Military actions in some parts of Ukraine make normal existence impossible and critically exacerbate the problem of poverty, while in other areas, they significantly increase the poverty level due to a general decline in the standard of living. Various methods are used to study poverty among pensioners in Ukraine, both specialized and general scientific methods. The monographic method, bibliometrics, and content analysis are used for preliminary study of the problem. The computational method, forecasting, and modeling are used to forecast the impact of full-scale military actions on the growth of monetary poverty. The scale of pre-war poverty levels among Ukrainian pensioners, including self-assessment, has been assessed. In 2021, 26.3 % of urban and 29.2 % of rural pensioner households were classified as poor according to the relative criterion. On average, 23.4 % of households across the country were classified as poor. The level of poverty has been determined based on deprivations. The poverty level based on deprivation indicators in different types of settlements (share of households experiencing 4 or more deprivations) in 2020 was 2.6 times higher in rural areas compared to the corresponding indicator in cities. Deprivations among Ukrainian pensioners have been assessed in terms of types of settlements. Forecasts for poverty among Ukrainian pensioners have been provided based on the absolute criterion of expenses below the actual subsistence minimum. According to the forecasts of experts from the Ptoukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, in 2023, the share of the population living on less than the actual subsistence minimum will increase by 1.7 times throughout the country, compared to 2021, and reach 67.8 %. Taking into account the fact that the poverty level among pensioners, especially older people, significantly exceeds the average indicators for the country from year to year, the majority of elderly people — 76.4 % in cities and 83 % in rural areas — will fall into the category of poor.

A futures perspective of health, climate change and poverty in the United States

The paper explores the importance of the type of settlement for marital and reproductive behaviour of young people. More specifically, it examines the differences in the evaluation and practice of certain forms of marital and reproductive behaviour between young people living in different types of settlements. The data were collected with the aid of quantitative techniques like surveys and scaling. The research was conducted in the region of Southern and Eastern Serbia. The quota sample consisted of the total of 500 respondents, aged from 15 to 35 years. The results of the research show that the type of settlement is an important determinant, but more for the purpose of evaluation than for practising certain models of marital and reproductive behaviour of young people. Young people living in villages are more loyal to the traditional values in terms of marriage and parenthood, while young people living in the city tend to embrace modern values. However, practice shows that rural youth, besides maintaining traditional patterns of behaviour, also manifests certain deviations from them (like postponement of marriage and parenthood, reduced reproductive norms, cohabitation and out-of-wedlock parenting).

Rural and urban areas are often conceptualized as two separate entities and studied accordingly. However, in reality, they are related in multiple ways. Here we explore this relation between rural and urban areas from a land use perspective. We argue that land should be characterized along a gradient from rural to urban. Further, we argue that land use along this gradient typically combines both rural and urban functions. Finally, we point at the complex patterns of migration and mobility between different types of settlements, which is a multidirectional process that further blurs the distinction between rural and urban areas. These propositions are supported by examples from recent research and suggest the need for a more inclusive approach towards the analysis of rural and urban land use systems, as well as plans and policies that target these systems.

Wishing to finance a recycling program? Willingness-to-pay study for enhancing municipal solid waste recycling in urban settlements in Thailand

Social capital, political trust and experience of cannabis smoking: A population-based study in southern Sweden

We examine the institutional drivers of subjective well‐being (SWB). Using a repeated cross‐sectional data set from the Philippines spanning three decades, we estimate the relationship of people's trust in public institutions and SWB, measured in terms of people's satisfaction with their lives. Our findings, based on estimates which control for a range of individual‐level characteristics, show that people's trust in public institutions is strongly associated with their well‐being. In particular, a great deal of trust in the Police, Congress, and Judiciary is positively associated with people's satisfaction with their lives while a lack of trust in Congress, Civil Service, and Executive is negatively related to life satisfaction. Findings are discussed vis‐à‐vis their implications for Philippine public policy and to well‐being‐oriented policy regimes more generally.