Abstract
The more than a century-old technique of X-ray diffraction in either angle or energy dispersive mode has been used to probe materials’ microstructure in a number of ways, including phase identification, stress measurements, structure solutions, and the determination of physical properties such as compressibility and phase transition boundaries. The study of high-pressure and high-temperature materials has strongly benefitted from this technique when combined with the high brilliance source provided by third generation synchrotron facilities, such as the Advanced Light Source (ALS) (Berkeley, CA, USA). Here we present a brief review of recent work at this facility in the field of X-ray diffraction under extreme conditions, including an overview of diamond anvil cells, X-ray diffraction, and a summary of three beamline capabilities conducting X-ray diffraction high-pressure research in the diamond anvil cell.
Highlights
X-ray diffraction experiments have been a mainstay of solid-state materials science, geoscience, and physics, for over a century since the invention of the technique
Synchrotron sources provide both small beams and high flux. This in turn allows for experiments to be performed on very small samples, on poorly diffracting samples, or on samples that are encapsulated in an absorbing medium. All three of these cases apply when performing X-ray diffraction under extreme conditions, which usually refers to high pressure and high temperature conditions, for instance those that simulate those found at the center of the Earth and other planets in an effort to understand planetary physics
Single crystals of metal organic frameworks (MOFs)-520 were loaded in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) with 4:1 methanol:ethanol as the pressure transmitting medium (PTM), and diffraction data were collected on beamline 12.2.2, from ambient pressure up to 2.82 GPa, at which pressure the crystal became amorphous
Summary
X-ray diffraction experiments have been a mainstay of solid-state materials science, geoscience, and physics, for over a century since the invention of the technique It is a technique whose value lies in the fact that the wavelength of X-rays is on the atomic size scale, which allows X-rays to be good probes for crystalline materials. Diffraction data provides information about atomic composition and arrangement It can be a non-destructive technique that can be performed in situ under various environmental or physical conditions, allowing real-time observation of changes in solid, crystalline systems. Synchrotron sources provide both small beams (on the tens of microns to submicron order) and high flux. This in turn allows for experiments to be performed on very small samples, on poorly diffracting samples, or on samples that are encapsulated in an absorbing medium.
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