X-ray anomalous scattering of diluted magnetic oxide semiconductors: Possible evidence of lattice deformation for high temperature ferromagnetism

Abstract

We have examined whether the Co ions crystallographically substitute on the Ti sites in rutile and anatase ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ thin films that exhibit room-temperature ferromagnetism. Intensities of the x-ray Bragg reflection from the films were measured around the $K$ absorption edge of Co. If the Co ions randomly substitute on the Ti sites, the intensity should exhibit an anomaly due to the anomalous dispersion of the atomic scattering factor of Co. However, none of the anatase and rutile samples did exhibit an anomaly, unambiguously showing that the Co ions in ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ are not exactly located at the Ti sites of $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. The absence of the anomaly is probably caused by a significant deformation of the local structure around Co due to the oxygen vacancy. We have applied the same method to paramagnetic ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}\mathrm{O}$ thin films and obtained direct evidence that the Co ions are indeed substituted on the Zn sites.