Wpływ europejskiego kryzysu imigracyjnego na procesy dezintegracyjne w Unii Europejskiej

In The Immigration Crisis in Europe and the U.S.-Mexico Border in the New Era of Heightened Nativism, Victoria Cartycompares the immigration crises in the European Union and the United States. Beginning in 2014, the Arab Spring upheavals and failed states in Northern Africa and the Middle East overwhelmed many European countries which the European Union system was not prepared for. In the Americas, failed states in Central America such as Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador also led to an unexpected influx of immigrants to the United States, many of them unaccompanied minors, fleeing gangs, violence and poverty. In The Immigration Crisis in Europe and the U.S.-Mexico Border, Carty studies theories of immigration, social movements, and critical race theory to provide a better understanding of the current immigration crises in Europe and the United States. Carty shows that the high volume of immigration in both the EU and the United States has led to a resurgence of nativist sentiments and white supremacy groups.

In The Immigration Crisis in Europe and the U.S.-Mexico Border in the New Era of Heightened Nativism, Victoria Cartycompares the immigration crises in the European Union and the United States. Beginning in 2014, the Arab Spring upheavals and failed states in Northern Africa and the Middle East overwhelmed many European countries which the European Union system was not prepared for. In the Americas, failed states in Central America such as Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador also led to an unexpected influx of immigrants to the United States, many of them unaccompanied minors, fleeing gangs, violence and poverty. In The Immigration Crisis in Europe and the U.S.-Mexico Border, Carty studies theories of immigration, social movements, and critical race theory to provide a better understanding of the current immigration crises in Europe and the United States. Carty shows that the high volume of immigration in both the EU and the United States has led to a resurgence of nativist sentiments and white supremacy groups.

The article focuses on the reasons of Brexit that are related to disintegration processes in the European Union, which are caused by crises in Europe, such as the migration crisis, slowing economic growth in the Euro zone, the growing debt crisis in Southern Europe etc. The article also analyzes the impact of some consequences of the European integration on the British decision to leave the European Union. In particular, the article examines deepening the European integration and the gradual transformation of the EU into a union that is increasingly reminiscent of a federal state, as a factor that prompted British Eurosceptics to actively campaign for Brexit. The bureaucracy and the lack of a mechanism for the direct election of the European Commission and other European supranational institutions in Brussels is also examined in the article as one of the factors of Britain's exit from the EU. The article demonstrates that during Britain's membership in the European Union, the problem of mass labor migration from the countries of Central-Eastern Europe to the United Kingdom was one more factor that affected the growing Euroscepticism in the country and made the electorate to vote for Breit. The article examines Brexit in the context of the European disintegration processes and compares Britain with some other European countries, which, like the United Kingdom, are quite reluctant to deepen European integration, but unlike Britain are unlikely to consider such a radical step as exit from the EU. The author concludes that the crisis in continental Europe had a decisive influence on Britain's decision to leave the European Union, although at the same time Brexit would not have happened without the impact of British domestic policy factors. The internal political reasons for Brexit are not discussed in detail in the article, as its main focus is on the foreign policy factors related to Britain's reaction on the problems of continental Europe, such as the mass labor migration, the policy of supranational European institutions in Brussels, which is not always effective and agreed with London, and economic inequality between the countries of Southern and Central-Eastern Europe and their partners from Northern and Western Europe.

The Significance of Article 122 (II) TFEU in State Debt Crisis in Europe

World economies have faced numerous crises throughout history. Fiscal issues have accordingly become a crucial aspect of economic policy discussions, particularly in Eastern Europe, a region shown to be especially vulnerable to the recent economic shocks. The paper therefore aims to provide a bibliometric examination of trends in fiscal research via the lenses of major economic and financial crises. The bibliometric analysis is based on 6,640 documents published between 1970 and 2022 and indexed in the Scopus database. The results reveal that fiscal research associated with crises has grown sharply over time, with significant bursts one year following each major economic and financial crisis. The most cited journal articles in fiscal research highlighted the following issues in all countries, including Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries: economic reform policies (1970-1997), economic development and financial conditions (1998-2008), crises in Europe and post-crisis recovery (2009-2019) and post-crisis recovery and effects (of the COVID-19 pandemic) on the public and business sectors (2020-2022). As well as identifying key countries and journals, although diverging in approach and scope the findings show shared interests in macroeconomic policy, fiscal stability, and the impact of crises on economic performance and public finance. Developed countries have addressed complex global economic issues and advanced development, whereas Central and Eastern European nations have focused on the transition from planned to market economies. This observation reflects their distinct economic paths and fiscal research interests, as revealed in detailed content analysis by subperiods. The findings maybe of benefit for both the scientific community and evidence-based policymaking.

The animated debate surrounding an apparent migrant problem of the Western world, manifesting itself in either the immigration crisis in Europe or the progressing tendencies to isolationism both in Europe and in the United States of America, provides a good case to investigate the media representation of immigrants in the American context. The sometimes biased portrayal of immigrant communities in the contemporary American media, especially those with right-wing inclination, has been given a higher profile in the U.S. public discourse and bears a striking resemblance to the anti-Irish sentiment and press coverage that dominated in the U.S. in the 19th century. It is in the purview of the following paper to examine the media rhetoric and representation strategies that were used at that time and that are harnessed currently. The idea warrants discussion since the United States also prides itself for its multicultural and multiethnic heritage, which proves to highlight the polarized public opinion. In the author’s estimation, the anti-immigrant attitudes are a recurring theme in the American culture and have always divided the public.

The Refugee and Immigration Crisis in Europe: Urgent Action to Protect the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents

One of the consequences of the influx of refugees and immigrants to the European continent is the rise of anti-immigration sentiments. These translate, among other things, into the emergence of anti-immigrant social movements. The subject of consideration will be their activity in our country. They have intensified due to the immigration crisis, which has been de facto unnoticeable in Poland so far. In contrast, now, when Poland is facing an unprecedented influx of refugees and immigrants from Ukraine, anti-immigrant movements are of marginal significance. The study will show anti-immigration movements in Poland from the pe rspective of selected theories from the social sciences. Then, the factors influencing the development of this type of social activity in Poland will be discussed. The last part will present the previous activity of anti-immigration movements in our country. The central hypothesis is based on the assumption that factors potentially conducive to developing anti-immigrant movements have emerged in Poland. They took the form of an influx of immigrants and refugees on a previously unprecedented scale and under the conditions of watershed moments, including the migration crisis in Europe, the COVID-19 pandemic, the immigration crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border, the war in Ukraine and the deteriorating economic situation. On the other hand, a group of factors led by the political situation, which has so far effectively limited the growth of these movements on a broader scale, has emerged.

The rise of radicalisation, the demonisation of Muslims by demagogues and segments of the British media and the immigration crisis in Europe are all factors that collude and contribute to heightened levels of Islamophobia in the United Kingdom (UK). Islamophobia has been associated with psychological distress in Muslims. However, reputable organisations such as the Royal College of Psychiatrists and the Muslim Council of Britain have raised concerns that the British government’s controversial countering violent extremism programme Prevent may be a barrier to mental health services for Muslims. This book chapter provides background information about the insidious and pervasive phenomenon of Islamophobia in the UK, how Islamophobia has infiltrated British public mental healthcare and the consequences that this has on both providers and users of mental healthcare services.

The subject of the consideration in this article are issues related to the functioning of the Schengen area in times of the 2015/2016 immigration crisis in Europe. The Author of this article firstly referred to the origins of the crisis, the role of the Schengen area in the process of integrating the European continent, and then analyzed the phenomenon of uncontrolled growth of immigrants coming to Europe, taking into account decisions, initiatives and activities of certain Schengen area countries and the impact of these actions on running of the Schengen zone. In conclusion, the author stated that in times of serious difficulties, the Schengen area would probably survive, but it has to undertake certain steps (reforms, strengthening of the external border controls) helping to adapt to the new circumstances.

The aim of the research is to analyse the political and social problems of the modern stage of the European Union development as a source of disintegration processes. In the course of the research the content of the interpretation of ‘disintegration process’ is revealed, the characteristic of the forms of disintegration processes in the European Union is given, their manifestations, tendencies and regularities are revealed. The main political and social problems that increase the degree of entropy of integration of the association and significantly enhance the development of disintegration processes in the European Union are outlined. According to the results of the analysis of political and social problems of the modern stage of development of the European Union as a source of disintegration processes, it is revealed the strengthening of conflict confrontation between the supranational level of power of the integration structure and the national levels of power of the member states in the conditions of transition to a new ‘era of uncertainty’, characterised by different-speed integration of the member states of the association and the growth of inter-institutional tension, the unwillingness of the EU member states to follow the principles of the European Union. Disintegration processes, the source of which are the political and social problems of the European Union member states, are characterised by high dynamics of manifestations and by their nature they belong to complex one-stage or multi-stage phenomena, which are represented by the regressive transformation of the integration structure of the association within one form of integration. Disintegration processes, the source of which are political and social problems of the European Union member states, are characterised by a specific manifestation (a quantitative or qualitative characteristic of disruption of the integral structure of integration), a trend (a disintegration manifestation stable over time, of a certain direction) and a pattern of disintegration development (a set of manifestations and trends of disintegration of a new quality, allowing to predict the state of the integration structure in the future).

The European sovereign debt crisis erupted a dozen years after the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998. What is striking are the similarities between the European crisis and the Asian crisis. The case of Greece even bears resemblance to earlier Latin American crises. Why did Europe not draw lessons from history? What can the authorities in Asia learn from the European crisis, so that they too will not ignore the lessons from other countries? This chapter reviews the lessons from the Asian crisis, provides a broad sketch of developments of the euro-zone crisis and considers how Europe could or should have learned from the Asian crisis. It also selectively highlights important lessons for Asia that are emerging from the current crisis in the euro zone.

Although the treatment of aliens by state authorities has been consistently under the scrutiny of the European Court of Human Rights, the detention of irregular migrants in reception centres has only very recently been examined by the Court. Given the current refugee and migration crisis in Europe and the policies implemented by states and the European Union to address the crisis, it is surprising how little attention this case law has received. In this article, I analyse the obligations of European states concerning the reception centres of migrants and asylum seekers under the European Convention on Human Rights and I review how these obligations were interpreted by the Strasbourg Court recently. Accordingly, the article first analyses the applicable legal framework of the Convention and then proceeds by classifying the case law on the issue of detaining aliens. Two main legal issues arise respectively: First, the criteria for the establishment of reception centres where migrants can be detained and the legal basis for the detention of aliens therein. As many states detain aliens in an attempt to deal with the ongoing migration crisis, I argue that administrative practices alone, without a statutory provision and established case law, are insufficient legal bases for the detention of people at reception centres. Second, whether the exceptional character of the current crisis may play a role when adjudicating cases of detention of aliens. The case law suggests that although the Court takes into consideration the multiple challenges that states confront, the latter cannot serve as an excuse for states deviating from their obligations under the Convention. During the analysis, I address the distinction between the right to liberty under Article 5 of the Convention and the right to liberty of movement, enshrined in Protocol 4, with the aim of investigating whether the latter may be applicable in cases of detention of aliens. I argue that under certain conditions the right to liberty of movement may be applicable in cases of detention of people who enter a member state irregularly. Finally, the article reviews the new EU ‘Hotspot’ approach adopted in 2015 by the European Commission to address emergencies at the European borders. Although this new policy has yet to be fully implemented, it poses interesting legal questions regarding the responsibility of European Union member states in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights. Despite the coordinating efforts to address the crisis, the responsibility for the conditions at reception centres still lies with the member states.

This chapter presents the origins of the 1991 Polish-German Treaty of Good Neighbourship and Friendly Cooperation and its significance for the process of reconciliation and the development of cooperation between Poland and Germany in the context of the present migration crisis in Europe. The author addresses questions concerning Polish-German relations in the period 1989–2018, analysing current conditions and future prospects. Over the last two years, Polish-German relations, especially political relations, have deteriorated considerably. The international situation in Europe has also become more complicated. One of the reasons for this is the immigration crisis resulting from a massive influx of people from the Middle East and North Africa. That crisis has divided the European Union and affected relations between its member states, including between Poland and Germany.

Introduction. The cyclical nature of the development of the market economy causes the periodic occurrence of crisis phenomena that negatively affect the socio-economic situation in the country and the development of economic sectors. The modern automotive industry, composed of global supply chains, is highly sensitive to the impact of economic crises. Based on the research conducted, the article assesses the impact of the global economic crises of the 21st century on the development of the automotive industry in Russia and identifies the problems and risks of the development of this sector of the economy. Materials and Methods. The study used official national statistics, statistical data from international organizations, data from analytical agencies, public reporting by automotive corporations, as well as regulations governing the development of the Russian automotive industry. The use of the techniques of monographic description, of the abstract and logical approach, system analysis, methods of economic and statistical, comparative analysis made it possible to characterize the dynamics and identify the main trends in the development of the Russian automotive industry under the impact of the global crises of 2008‒2009 and 2020, as well as to identify the key problems and risks of the development of the sector in terms of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which are to be taken into account when elaborating and adjusting strategic programs and plans for the development of the sector. Results. The impact of the global crises of 2008‒2009 and 2020 on the Russian automotive industry has been analyzed. The dynamics and structure of production and sales of motor vehicles in Russia have been studied; the cause-and-effect relationships of changes in the performance of the automotive industry under the impact of economic crises have been revealed; an assessment of the measures of state support for the industry in the crisis periods has been given. Discussion and Conclusion. The current global economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has posed new threats to the development of the automotive industry and has made topical the research issues related to the transformations taking place in the sector under the impact of the crisis. The identified imbalances and negative trends in the development of the automotive industry require improving state regulation of its development, as well as implementing effective measures not only to overcome the consequences of the current crisis, but also to counter possible crises in the future.