Wound Healing and Antioxidant Evaluations of Alginate from Sargassum ilicifolium and Mangosteen Rind Combination Extracts on Diabetic Mice Model

Pugar Arga Cristina Wulandari,Alessandro Pellis,Mochammad Amin Alamsjah,Duncan Macquarrie,Saikhu Akhmad Husen,Zulfa Nailul Ilmi,Khalijah Awang,Dwi Winarni,Marco Vastano,Pratiwi Pudjiastuti

doi:10.3390/app11104651

Abstract

A diabetic foot ulcer is an open wound that can become sore and frequently occurs in diabetic patients. Alginate has the ability to form a hydrophilic gel when in contact with a wound surface in diabetic patients. Xanthones are the main compounds of mangosteen rind and have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the wound healing and antioxidants assay with a combination of alginate from S. ilicifolium and mangosteen rind combination extracts on a diabetic mice model. The characterization of alginate was carried out by size exclusion chromatography with multiple angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The M/G ratio of alginate was calculated by using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The antioxidant activity of mangosteen rind and the combination extracts was determined using the DPPH method. The observed parameters were wound width, number of neutrophils, macrophages, fibrocytes, fibroblasts, and collagen densities. The 36 male mice were divided into 12 groups including non-diabetic control (NC), diabetes alginate (DA), alginate–mangosteen (DAM), and diabetes control (DC) groups in three different groups by a histopathology test on skin tissue. The treatment was carried out for 14 days and mice were evaluated on Days 3, 7, and 14. The SEC-MALLS results showed that the molecular weight and dispersity index (Ð) of alginate were 2.77 × 104 Dalton and 1.73, respectively. The M/G ratio of alginate was 0.77 and described as single-stage decomposition based on TGA. Alginate, mangosteen rind extract, and their combination were divided into weak, medium, and strong antioxidant, respectively. The treatment of the DA and DAM groups showed a decrease in wound width and an increase in the number of fibrocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages. The number of neutrophils decreased while the percentage of collagen densities increased for all the considered groups.

Highlights

IntroductionThe problems that occur during the wound-healing process make the wound worsen, e.g., by increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and oxidative stress
The results indicated that alginate was a weak antioxidant and mangosteen rind was a powerful antioxidant, and when combined they produced a material with excellent antioxidant properties
The administration of a topical combination of alginate extracted from S. ilicifolium and mangosteen rind extract (Garcinia mangostana) in diabetic open wounds is able to accelerate the process of wound closure

Summary

Introduction

The problems that occur during the wound-healing process make the wound worsen, e.g., by increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and oxidative stress. Both of these problems can disrupt the wound-healing process, so the healing takes longer. Increasing the level of ROS has a beneficial effect but, in some cases, can cause tissue damage [7]. The ROS level and oxidative stress start causing cell death and tissue damage via several mechanisms [8]. Disproportion between antioxidants and ROS disturbed by a depletion of antioxidants or an accumulation of ROS causes oxidative stress [9]. Lobo et al (2010) reported that antioxidant molecules contribute an electron to make a free radical become neutral, reducing its capacity for cellular damage through their free radical scavenging property [10]

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