Abstract
Cosmic rays, high‐energy particles that reach Earth's atmosphere from outer space, provide a diagnostic tool to analyze processes of general astrophysical interest, such as the acceleration and transport of highly energetic charged particles in interplanetary space and at the Sun. Cosmic rays also directly affect the terrestrial environment and serve as indicators of solar variability and nonanthropogenic climate changes on Earth at present and in the distant past.In the 1950s a worldwide network of standardized cosmic ray detectors was developed to examine temporal and spatial variations in the space environment. Despite decades of progress, ground‐based neutron monitors (NMs) remain the state‐of‐the‐art instrumentation for measuring cosmic rays with gigaelectron volt energies, which cannot be measured in the same simple, inexpensive, and statistically accurate way by space experiments. Therefore, the worldwide network, which currently consists of about 50 standardized International Geophysical Year (IGY) and NM64 neutron monitors, perfectly complements cosmic ray observations in space. The continuous monitoring of cosmic ray intensity near Earth by neutron monitors since IGY 1957–1958 represents the longest continuous, high‐time‐resolution series of particle radiation measurements in space science.
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