World–Local Culture Clash and Compromise

Like quantitative content analysis, qualitative content analysis is an empirical method of social sciences for analyzing live or recorded human communication such as → Newspaper articles, protocols of → television news or programs, transcripts of → interviews, or protocols from → observations (→ Content Analysis, Quantitative). This written or transcribed material is called text material in this context (→ Text and Intertextuality). From a general perspective, there are two main differences between quantitative and qualitative content analysis. First, quantitative content analysis works deductively and measures quantitatively. In this respect, quantitative content analysis decomposes the text material into different parts and assigns numeric codes to these elements or parts. Of course, such parts are not just words, but are rather issues, statements, arguments, or bundles of → meaning. By contrast, however, qualitative content analysis works inductively by summarizing and classifying elements or parts of the text material and assigning labels or categories to them. In this respect, qualitative content analysis searches rather for “coherent” meaning structures in the text material.

This chapter discusses the principles of textual analysis as a means of gathering information and evidence in political research. Textual analysis has generated strong interest as a research method not only in Politics and International Relations, but also throughout the social sciences. In political research, two forms of textual analysis have become particularly prominent: discourse analysis and content analysis. The chapter examines discourse analysis and content analysis and explains the use of documents, archival sources, and historical writing as data. It considers the distinction between discourse analysis and content analysis, as well as the differences between qualitative and quantitative content analysis. It also describes the procedures that are involved in both quantitative and qualitative content analysis.

This chapter discusses the principles of textual analysis as a means of gathering information and evidence in political research. Textual analysis has generated strong interest as a research method not only in Politics and International Relations, but also throughout the social sciences. In political research, two forms of textual analysis have become particularly prominent: discourse analysis and content analysis. The chapter examines discourse analysis and content analysis and explains the use of documents, archival sources, and historical writing as data. It considers the distinction between discourse analysis and content analysis, as well as the differences between qualitative and quantitative content analysis. It also describes the procedures that are involved in both quantitative and qualitative content analysis.

This chapter discusses the principles of textual analysis as a means of gathering information and evidence in political research. Textual analysis has generated strong interest as a research method not only in Politics and International Relations, but also throughout the social sciences. In political research, two forms of textual analysis have become particularly prominent: discourse analysis and content analysis. The chapter examines discourse analysis and content analysis and explains the use of documents, archival sources, and historical writing as data. It considers the distinction between discourse analysis and content analysis, as well as the differences between qualitative and quantitative content analysis. It also describes the procedures that are involved in both quantitative and qualitative content analysis.

Exclusive breastfeeding is the best start an infant can receive. However, in many high-income countries breastfeeding rates are low and this may be a reflection of social norms which in turn may be influenced by the media. This study therefore explored the portrayal of infant feeding in women's general interest magazines. The five top selling women's weekly magazines in Britain and Ireland for 2013 over a 4-month period were included. A quantitative and qualitative content analysis was conducted for both written and visual content. In 58 magazines, there were 90 references to infant feeding with an average of 1.5 (range: 0-5) per magazine. Breastfeeding and formula feeding references were present in equal number and both were predominantly portrayed positively. There was only 1 visual representation of breast feeding compared with 11 of bottle feeding. Potential drivers for breastfeeding included its role in post-pregnancy weight loss and celebrity endorsement while family routine, the role of males in the house and concerns about adverse health effects were identified as barriers to breastfeeding. An improvement in visual representations of breast feeding and factual information in women's weekly magazines may be helpful in re-defining social norms regarding infant feeding. Keywords: food and nutrition, health promotion, public health.

The paper presents the results of analyses concerning the possible use of User Generated Content (UGC) to assess the perception of the image of tourism entities, acting in the travel destinations with high tourist potential. The scientific method applied in the study was the internet survey comprising the quantitative and qualitative content analysis. The quantitative content analysis was focused on the number of a comments and metatags and on assigning them to the suiting factorial parameters. The qualitative content analysis was focused on the essence of the analysed metatags and comments in the context of image shaping factors presented by Baloglu and McCleary (1999). Based on the selected parameters of the model proposed by Baloglu and McCleary, and in order to create a matrix of the distinguishing features of the image used in the promotion, the elements of the website content of agri-tourism farms located in the Bialowieza (BNP) and Narew (NNP) national parks were analysed. It was assumed that the chosen content of web sites (metatags) was a direct expression of the manner of perception of the travel destination image by the persons engaged in tourism activities there. For the purpose of the analysis of these entities image perception by tourists, a separate matrix, based on the examination of their opinions, left behind at online tourist offers comparison sites, has been created. The resulting matrices were compiled and the main distinguishing features of the image were indicated from the perspective of both groups. According to the owners of tourist farms from the BNP area the main distinguishing feature of the image of this area are natural values; though the distinguishing features regarding the quality of products and tourism services are slightly less important. Similar conclusions can be drawn based on the data obtained by analysing the opinions of tourists. On the other hand, for the NNP, the dominant role of features related to the quality of products and tourism services was confirmed. It was found that the analysis of the UGC may constitute an important factor allowing for tracing the dynamics of changes in image perception by tourists, which enables for efficient creation of the image of the entity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.19.3.8127

BackgroundLifestyle modifications represent the first line of treatment in obesity management; however, many adolescents with obesity do not meet lifestyle recommendations. Given that adolescents are rarely consulted during health policy development and in the design of lifestyle interventions, their first-hand experiences, preferences, and priorities may not be represented. Accordingly, our purpose was to explore adolescents’ lifestyle treatment recommendations to inform policy and program decisions.MethodsConducted from July 2017 to January 2018, this study adhered to a qualitative, crosslanguage, patient-oriented design. We recruited 19 13–17-year-old adolescents (body mass index [BMI] ≥85th percentile) seeking multidisciplinary treatment for obesity in geographically and culturally diverse regions of Canada. Adolescents participated in one-on-one, in-person, semi-structured interviews in English or French. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, managed using NVivo 11, and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative content analysis by two independent researchers.ResultsAdolescents’ recommendations were organized into five categories, each of which denotes health as a collective responsibility: (i) establish parental support within limits, (ii) improve accessibility and availability of ‘healthy foods’, (iii) limit deceptive practices in food marketing, (iv) improve accessibility and availability of varied physical activity opportunities, and (v) delay school start times. Respect for individual autonomy and decision-making capacity were identified as particularly important, however these were confronted with adolescents’ partial knowledge on nutrition and food literacy.ConclusionsAdolescents’ recommendations highlighted multi-level, multi-component factors that influenced their ability to lead healthy lifestyles. Uptake of these recommendations by policy-makers and program developers may be of added value for lifestyle treatment targeting adolescents with obesity.

In order to examine differences in attitudes to shoe fashions between women in Germany, Poland and Russia, we asked three samples of advanced female students of English to write a short English composition in response to the stimulus: “Tell us a little bit about the footwear (shoes, boots, etc.) you own and when you wear it”. We analysed the results using a manual qualitative content analysis and two forms of quantitative computer content analysis: one using project-specific categories developed from the qualitative content analysis and previous theory, the other using general semantic field categories. Both techniques were successful in highlighting similar between-group differences, suggesting that qualitative content analysis and project-specific categories can largely be dispensed with. Some issues in using non-native student English compositions as data in cross-cultural studies are also considered.

Statistics indicate that when the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (IRA) was overthrown in 2021, the country ranked among those with the highest gender inequality, despite two decades of efforts to promote gender parity through education. This article investigates the failure of these educational initiatives in Afghanistan, in contrast to their relative success globally. Drawing on curriculum theory and employing a software-assisted multimodal quantitative and qualitative content analysis, it examines gender representation and discourse in 120 school textbooks and three national education policy documents. The study aims to assess the degree of gender inclusivity in school textbooks and to examine the extent to which educational policy curricula are aligned-or misaligned- with the implemented programmatic curriculum. The analysis reveals a disconnect between policy and practice: while policies advocate for gender inclusive-content, the textbooks remain deeply gender-biased, limiting their capacity to challenge entrenched disparities. The findings offer insights for policymakers and textbook writers aiming to develop more gender inclusive educational materials.

A patient-centered approach is essential for promoting sexual health (SH) and reproductive health (RH) in rheumatoid arthritis patients. The study aimed to describe and interpret Mexican rheumatoid arthritis outpatients' testimonies of their SH and RH definitions. Qualitative and quantitative content analysis was conducted on free-text comments from 219 and 223 descriptions of patients' SH and RH definitions, respectively. A comprehensive system of major themes, categories, and subcategories was structured for each definition. The representational foundations of these categories and the context of their production were analyzed. Integration of quantitative and qualitative content analysis was used to comprehend patients' definitions of SH and RH. Internal review board approved the study. Ten major themes emerged for each definition, and their assigned frequencies differed between SH and RH definitions, and between groups of patients integrated according to age, education level, and sex. Both definitions had similar contents, expressed in the shared major themes and categories, and in managing at the same time SH- and RH-related contents within each definition. The "overall prevention-patient oriented care" major theme defined a common core for both definitions' contents. Meanwhile, a diversity of meanings was also evident particularly at the subcategory level. In our population, SH content was distinguished by related diseases and their consequences, individual actions directed to prevention, and couple mentions. Meanwhile, RH was distinguished by a primarily biological perspective of the reproductive function, which was required at a particular life stage to concrete a family project.

Rationality (Online Discussions/Discussion Quality)

Recent studies have examined how organizations attempt to engage young people with civic issues. In this article, we argue that this literature has neglected emotionality as a potentially salient trait of such attempts. We demonstrate this saliency though a case study comprising quantitative and qualitative content analyses of anxiety and enthusiasm appeals on the Dutch youth sites of Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund. The quantitative content analysis indicates, among other things, that the selected sites contained a considerable amount of text (at least half) that, by design, exhibited an ostensible potential to elicit anxiety or enthusiasm and that these sites contained more messages with a potential enthusiasm appeal than messages with a potential anxiety appeal. The qualitative content analysis demonstrates that appeals playing on anxiety and enthusiasm were constructed in five main ways: anxiety appeals alluded to (1) empathy with animals and (2) people's self-interest; enthusiasm appeals alluded to (3) animals' coolness and cuddliness, (4) the entertainment aspects of environmentalist action, and (5) the awe-inspiring capacities of animals. We close by discussing a research agenda that may further an understanding of the role of emotionality in online texts aimed at engaging youth.

BackgroundHealthcare organisations are facing large demands in recruiting employees with adequate competency to care for the increasing numbers of elderly. High degrees of turnover and dissatisfaction with working conditions are common. The gendered notion of care work as ‘women’s work’, in combination with low salaries and status, may contribute to negative work experiences. There is abundant information about the negative aspects of elderly care health services, but little is known about positive aspects of this work. The study aim was to investigate work satisfaction from a gender perspective among Swedish registered nurses, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists, focusing specifically on healthcare services for the elderly.MethodsA mixed methods approach was adopted in which we combined statistics and open-ended responses from a national survey with qualitative research interviews with healthcare professionals in elderly care organisations. The survey was administered to a random sample of 1578 registered nurses, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists. Qualitative interviews with 17 professionals were conducted in six elderly care facilities. Qualitative and quantitative content analyses, chi2 and constructivist grounded theory were used to analyse the data.ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference in overall work satisfaction between those who worked in elderly care and those who did not (64 and 74,4% respectively, p <0.001). Nine themes were derived from open-ended responses in the questionnaire. The qualitative interviews revealed four prominent storylines: ‘Team social cohesion’, ‘Career development and autonomy’, ‘Client-centeredness’, and ‘Invisible and ignored power structures’.ConclusionsThe results show the complexity of elderly care work and describe several aspects that are important for work satisfaction among health professionals. The results reveal that work satisfaction is dependent on social interrelations and cohesion in the work team, in possibilities to use humour and to have fun together, and in the ability to work as professionals to provide client-centered elderly care. Power relations such as gendered hierarchies were less visible or even ignored aspects of work satisfaction. The storylines are clearly linked to the two central discourses of professionalism and gender equality.

Grace is a central theme in religious traditions but receives only recently attention by psychologists. Conceptualizations of grace seem predominantly constructed within theological and theoretical frameworks, whereas these conceptualizations may be poorly aligned with the definitions of grace of lay persons. This study clarifies the concept of grace and creates a bottom-up definition, based on the understanding of non-experts in a secularized society. A total of 456 Belgian adults (64% female, mean age = 50.04) provided descriptions of grace in an online survey. A multidisciplinary coding team conducted quantitative and qualitative content analysis (Nvivo). The following themes and categories emerged (1) virtuous qualities: grace is recognized in a multitude of good qualities with forgiveness as the ultimate example; (2) extra-ordinary gift: grace is something you receive unmerited, the nature of the giving goes beyond mere fair exchange; (3) transcendent and immanent setting: grace is encountered in the realm of the divine as well as in human relationships and daily life; (4) profound experience: the giving and receiving of grace entails an articulated personal involvement leading to new beginnings and freedom and (5) profound feelings: the experience of grace is accompanied with positive feelings and states often preceded by negative feelings and states. Distribution of categories by respondent’s age, gender, and religiosity showed robustness of underlying characteristics in the definition of grace. However, significant group differences are found: believing and older participants described more often extra-ordinary and transcendent characteristics, whereas nonbelievers used more referrals to faults and forgiveness. Believing people used more positive feelings and women used more virtuous qualities in describing grace. The importance of further investigating the psychological dynamics of grace and its capacity for enhancing well-being is highlighted.

کتاب مصباح‌الشریعه و مفتاح‌الحقیقه اول‌بار توسط سید بن طاووس در قرن هفتم معرفی‌شده است. نویسنده این کتاب و دوره زیست او هیچ‌گاه مشخص نبوده و به جهت آنکه تمام ابواب آن با قال الصادق (ع) آغاز می‌شود، در شمار آثار منسوب به امام صادق (ع) به‌حساب می‌آید. درستی یا نادرستی این انتساب همیشه موردبحث بوده و در مورد نویسنده کتاب نیز اقوال مختلفی بیان‌شده است. بررسی‌های مبتنی بر تحلیل محتوای کمی و کیفی کتاب نشان می‌دهد اکثر آنچه در این کتاب به‌عنوان حدیث یا نقل از غیر معصوم آمده دارای اصلی در کتاب‌های دیگر نیست و مصباح در نقل آن‌ها متفرد است. علاوه بر آن بسیاری ازآنچه که در مصباح آمده و در کتاب‌های دیگر نیز ذکرشده، دارای اختلاف در انتساب است. چرایی به وجود آمدن چنین پدیده‌ای تاکنون بسیار کم مورد تحلیل قرارگرفته است. پژوهش حاضر با روش اسنادی و تحلیل محتوای کمی و کیفی با دامنه منابع حدیثی، تاریخی،تفسیری و عرفانی شیعه و سنی، درصدد اثبات این فرضیه است که احتمال آنکه تمامی ابواب مصباح‌الشریعه توسط یک صوفی نگاشته شده یا املا شده باشد و سپس همه آن‌ها با قید «قال الصادق» به امام ششم منتسب شده باشد به‌هیچ‌روی منتفی نیست اتفاقی که در مورد آثاری همچون حقایق التفسیر سلمی واقع‌شده است.