WORLD-DEPENDABLE EXISTENCE IN MODAL MEINONGIANISM – WHY CAN HERA SLAP ZEUS AND EVERYTHING BE ALRIGHT?

the basic strategy of case-based reasoning (CBR) is retrieving the most relevant cases and adapting them to fit new situation, and solutions would be stored for future reuse. A conceptual framework for a CBR system to scheme black-start plan is presented. The CBR has a hierarchical structure, cases in abstract level present the general characters of black-start, cases in the detail level include the restoration operations of the plants and substation in the subsystem. Conventional CBR system have had limited in revising ability. We developed path finding and generation ability dispatch algorithms for detail level case revising, and used qualitative process theory (QPT) to revise the abstract cases, the qualitative process model of black-start also can act as an explaining tool. This paper uses the CBR as the main frame, which combines qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, and the theoretics research and field experience are well organized in this frame.

To make a reasonable reliability improvement strategy for CNC equipment, it is necessary to clearly understand the fault relation characteristics and the weak links of reliability. While the fault complexity of CNC equipment makes the fault relation characteristics unclear, it is very difficult to determine the weak link of reliability. Therefore, a fault analysis method for CNC equipment based on decision-making and trial evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL)/interpretive structure modeling (ISM)/analytic network process (ANP) is proposed in this study to describe the relationship between CNC equipment faults accurately and identify reliability weaknesses. First, the fault mechanism was analyzed by the fault phenomenon, and the fault factors of the CNC equipment were identified in view of the system. Second, DEMATEL/ISM/ANP method was adopted to integrate the interaction direction and intensity between the failure factors, hierarchical structure of the factors, and their relative importance, and a hierarchical network structure model for CNC equipment fault factors was built. Finally, according to the analysis results of the aforementioned model, the fault factors of the CNC equipment were divided into drive, link, dependence, and independent fault factors, and the identification of the weak link of reliability was completed. Results show that the proposed method can quantify the fault factors of the CNC equipment and clearly identify the main direction of its reliability improvement.

Energetic MOF-derived hollow carbon tubes with interconnected channels and encapsulated nickel-cobalt alloy sites as bifunctional catalysts for Zn–air batteries with stable cycling over 600 cycles

The development of bifunctional catalysts possessing high efficiency and excellent stability was still a challenge as regards overall water splitting. Herein, a reasonable space division strategy of Ni foam (NF) was proposed to design a bifunctional catalyst. Ni-P alloy was loaded on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through Pd-free electroless plating (Ni-P/CNTs). Subsequently, the Ni-P/CNT catalysts mixed with melamine were annealed for N doping. The N-doped CNTs coated with N-doped Ni3P and Ni nanoparticles (N-Ni3P-Ni/N-CNTs) were obtained. Finally, the N-Ni3P-Ni/N-CNTs were used as a filler to divide the pore size of NF by electroplating Ni, obtaining a network-like hierarchical porous electrode (N-Ni3P-Ni/N-CNTs/NF). This hierarchical porous structure exposed abundant catalytically active sites, facilitated the mass transfer, and prevented the catalyst agglomeration and corrosion that promote electrolyte contact and favor facile electron transfer kinetics. On the basis of the rational design, a self-supported N-Ni3P-Ni/N-CNTs/NF electrode showed a high specific surface area and exhibited superior electrocatalytic performances. The electrode achieved low overpotential of 73 and 270 mV at 10 mA cm–2 for the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction, respectively. Besides, it required a cell voltage of only 1.57 V to achieve 20 mA cm–2 when assembled in a 1 M KOH electrolyte for overall water splitting. Hence, this study represented a rational design of self-supported bifunctional electrode for overall water splitting.

Pretreatment of poplar powder by light bio-oil for preparation of porous carbon materials with excellent electrochemical performance

UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2009) Toward a dynamical interpretation of hierarchical linguistic structure Sam Tilsen 1. Introduction Hierarchy is one of the most important concepts in the scientific understanding of language. From early structuralist approaches of the mid-1800s, through the paradigm shift to generative grammar in the mid-1900s, and onward to the present, connected-object (“branching”) schemas have been used to represent hierarchical constituency relations between linguistic units. Syntactic trees are the most prominent instantiation of such schemas, but similar arboreal schemas have been applied extensively in nearly all domains of linguistic theory. Recently, an alternative conception of hierarchical structure has arisen, which is based upon interactions between waves, or coupled oscillatory systems. This paper presents a synthesis and extension of such approaches, with the aim of advancing a general wave theory of linguistic structure. This wave theory provides a coherent conceptualization of diverse linguistic phenomena, is cognitively plausible, and is a parsimonious theory. Many syntactic and phonological patterns in language can be understood to arise from general principles of wave interaction. Section 1.1 will consider how hierarchy has traditionally been conceptualized and represented in linguistics, and section 1.2 will describe some previous research which leads the way to a wave-based, dynamical systems perspective on linguistic structure. Section 2 will introduce some general principles regarding how hierarchical structure can be conceptualized with dynamical systems, beginning with systems of two waves, then treating systems of three waves, which can be generalized to more complex systems. This is followed in section 3 by several applications of the theory to phonological and syntactic patterns. These include an examination of how segments interact with syllables and how stress interacts with words, as well as a proposal for dynamical modeling of recursive syntactic patterns and syntactic dislocation phenomena. Section 4 concludes with a discussion of the cognitive plausibility of this approach, and delineates some issues to guide further development of the theory. 1.1 Hierarchical Structure In this paper we are interested in a structural notion of hierarchy, in which concepts of ranking, relation, and containment play important roles. In order to organize our

In recent studies, it has been revealed that robots can form concepts and understand the meanings of words through inference. The key idea underlying these studies is “multimodal categorization” of a robot's experience. However, previous studies considered only nonhierarchical categorization methods, which led to nonhierarchical concept structures. Our concepts have a hierarchical structure, thus ensuring that the resulting inferences are more efficient and accurate. In this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical categorization method. The method involves extending multimodal latent Dirichlet allocation (MLDA) to hierarchical MLDA using the nested Chinese restaurant process, which makes it possible for robots to acquire concepts in a hierarchical structure. We show that a robot can form a hierarchical concept structure based on self-obtained multimodal information. Moreover, by focusing on the common features of each category in the hierarchy, the robot is able to infer unobserved information including word meanings.

This paper presents experimental results showing that a user's interaction with hierarchical classification may affect the user's conceptual structures. After performing a directed browsing task using a hierarchical classificatory structure, subjects rated as more important the concepts that were organized in the top tier of the hierarchy. The results of the study suggest that, although subjects adapted their conceptual structures to the hierarchical structure in some conditions, these effects depend not only on the structure, but on the specific concepts that appear in the structure.

Hierarchical structure has gained great popularity in recent years, due to its significant promotion on structural strength and stiffness. In this study, the concept of high-order vertex-based hierarchy structure (VHS) was incorporated based on the new-rising multi-cell square tubes by replacing every vertex with scaled itself, layer by layer. The theoretical solution of VHS structure subjected to static compression has been conducted, based on the classical Super Folding Element. Mean crushing force ( MCF, P ) and energy absorption E have been calculated theoretically. The innovative finding lies that the relationship of the mean load between case lever i to lever i+1 has been determined. The relationship of the mean load between case lever i to lever i+1 mainly related to the cell number and length scale. All these achievements shield a light in aid to design novel thin-walled and light-weight energy absorption device.

The application of high-speed railway data, which is an important component of China's transportation science data sharing, has embodied the typical characteristics of data-intensive computing. A reasonable and effective data placement strategy is needed to deploy and execute data-intensive applications in the cloud computing environment. Study results of current data placement approaches have been analyzed and compared in this paper. Combining the semi-definite programming algorithm with the dynamic interval mapping algorithm, a hierarchical structure data placement strategy is proposed. The semi-definite programming algorithm is suitable for the placement of files with various replications, ensuring that different replications of a file are placed on different storage devices. And the dynamic interval mapping algorithm could guarantee better self-adaptability of the data storage system. It has been proved both by theoretical analysis and experiment demonstration that a hierarchical data placement strategy could guarantee the self-adaptability, data reliability and high-speed data access for large-scale networks.

Introduction

SUMMARYIn this paper, we introduce a new concept of hierarchical structure into solution space of a combinatorial optimization problem, and develop a novel combinatorial optimization method based on the concept. The introduction of the above new hierarchical structure concept “basin of attraction,” which is a set binding solution by utilizing properties of local optimal solutions, enables us to construe solution space as not only set of solutions but also set of basins of attraction hierarchically. It is well known that the appropriate balance of two policies, intensification and diversification, is essential in the search of metaheuristics. The proposed method clarifies the search policy by relating the hierarchical structure in solution space with intensification and diversification. With regard to diversification, we incorporate a movement strategy that has longer term or more macroscopic viewpoint than before in the algorithm by utilizing the concept basin of attraction. The performance of the proposed combinatorial optimization method is inspected by numerical experiments using some typical benchmark problems of a traveling salesman problem, a knapsack problem, a flow‐shop scheduling problem, and a quadratic assignment problem.

The study departs from the hypothesis that dispersion is a long-term structure in southern highlands of Ecuador , and not simply the result of stereotypical sub-urbanization as frequently problematized. The concept of structure as “a reality which survives through long periods of time and is only slowly eroded” (Braudel, 1970, p151) is key to understand how since colonial era, a very centralized and hierarchical sociopolitical system transformed but didn’t erased long-standing logics of dispersed territorial occupation in this part of the Andes. The study develops Cuenca and its surrounding territory as case study. Cuenca is located in the center of the Paute river watershed, it is enclosed by mountains and crossed by four rivers. As other Andean cities, it was founded during the colonial period over previous Inca and indigenous settlements. The city is surrounded by a constellation of small and medium-sized rural villages, whose space of occupation often dates back to pre-colonial times. During pre-colonial times, the scattered distribution of population in the Andes aimed to control diverse ecological floors in the mountains. Claiming and retaining multiple ‘colonies’ at diverse altitudes allowed the diverse groups to ensure alimentary autonomy (Murra, 1975). During colonial times the productive complementarity between different groups in the southern highlands of Ecuador was transformed from a horizontal to a vertical hierarchical schema. Existing and newly-created villages were used to concentrate indigenous population, while the city of Cuenca was founded to become an instrumental center of territorial and population control. In practice, indigenous population remained to live dispersed in the countryside, although at the same time a co-dependency between Cuenca and the population of the constellation of rural settlements that surrounded it was forged. By observing the current condition of Cuenca’s settlements, it is clear that scattered patterns of occupation are characteristic of this territory. However, a careful reading of its history in combination with interpretation of the structuring elements of its landscape, might shed light on the interaction between spatial, social and cultural factors that have contributed to render the present patterns of inhabitation. Three main topics are analyzed across time and in its current condition in order to unpack dispersion in the Cuenca’s territory: Water and communal water systems; Migration and mobility; Natural resources and in-situ productions. This is an attempt for answering to Lefevre’s call for “a new kind of spatial imagination capable of confronting the past in a new way and reading its less tangible secrets off the template of its spatial structures”( quoted in Heyden, 1997, pp19, from Jameson, 1991) Mapping, comparative analysis and interpretation of historical maps and ortho-photography, in combination with scrutiny of historic narratives is the methodology to be undertaken. Multiple sources of information nourish this case study: historical chronicles and archives, cartographic documents, satellite data and historical aerial photography. The case study makes a contribution to academic research, by building up understanding about the specific manners of conformation of the Andean city, which have been forged by a complex interaction between city and hinterland.

Human language sentences are standardly understood as exhibiting considerable hierarchical structure: they can and typically do contain parts that in turn contain parts, etc. In other words, sentences are thought to generally exhibit significant nested part-whole structure. As far as we can tell, this is not a feature of the gestural or vocal communication systems of our great ape relatives. So, one of the many challenges we face in providing a theory of human language evolution is to explain the evolution of hierarchically structured communication in our line. This article takes up that challenge. More specifically, I first present and motivate an account of hierarchical structure in language that departs significantly from the orthodox conception of such structure in linguistics and evolutionary discussions that draw on linguistic theory. On the account I propose, linguistic structure, including hierarchical structure, is treated as a special case of structured action. This account is rooted in the cognitive neuroscience of action, as opposed to (formal) linguistic theory. Among other things, such an account enables us to see how selection for enhanced capacities of act organization and act control in actors, and for act interpretation in observers, might have constructed the brain machinery necessary for the elaborate forms of hierarchically structured communication that we humans engage in. I flesh out this line of thought, emphasizing in particular the role of hominin technique and technology, and the social learning thereof, as evolutionary drivers of this brain machinery.

Hierarchical and graded honeycomb structures are extensively applied in many fields due to their excellent compression properties and energy absorption capacity. In the present study, the segmented graded hierarchical honeycomb structures with triangle substructures (GHT) are constructed to numerically investigate the in-plane crushing performance by the nonlinear finite element analysis code ABAQUS/Explicit. GHT exhibits the best energy absorption capacity compared to graded regular hexagonal honeycomb structures (GRH), graded hierarchical structures with Kagome substructures (GHK) and graded hierarchical structures with hexagonal substructures (GHH). The comprehensive effect of inertia and yield strength at each layer is illustrated by investigating the deformation modes under different loading speeds. The plateau stress is discussed in two ways: the overall average plateau stress corresponding to the whole structure and the segmental plateau stress corresponding to the specific layer. The relationship between overall average plateau stress, relative density and loading speed for the graded structure is established based on one-dimensional shock wave theory and compared with the uniform structure. The segmental properties of plateau stress at both impact and fixed ends are investigated in detail by combining theoretical analysis and deformation characteristics, and the results show good consistency with the simulation results at low, medium, and high loading speed conditions. Finally, the concept of cyclic graded structure is introduced, which can further optimize the energy absorption capacity and provide guidance for the design of new multifunctional structures.