Women's political participation in Greece since the fall of the Colonels: From democratic struggle to incorporation by the party‐state?

Article 2 of Law Number 7 of 2008 concerning Political Parties jo. Article 173 Paragraph 2 of Law Number 7 of 2018 concerning General Elections mandates that political parties must include at least 30% women in their management and establishment; however, the practice of this target is not being met. The problem of this research focuses on the low participation of women in politics, both according to positive law and Islamic law, as well as the involvement of women in politics in the Nagan Raya DPRK through a fiqh siyasah analysis. This study aims to identify the level of women's political participation from the perspective of law and Islamic law and to explore the factors influencing women's political involvement in Nagan Raya. The research uses a qualitative descriptive method with a statutory approach and descriptive analysis. The research findings indicate that women's participation and position in politics are critical to the effectiveness of their role in policy formulation and decision-making within public institutions. The lack of women's participation in politics is due to the deeply ingrained patriarchal culture in society, which results in gender inequality between men and women. Women's representation in parliament to advocate for their rights and interests in decision-making or policy formulation remains very low. The contribution of this research is to provide insights into the importance of women's involvement in politics and its impact on creating more inclusive policies. This study also highlights the need to address social and cultural barriers to increasing women's political participation in Indonesia. .

Gender and Politics in Kuwait: Women and Political Participation in the Gulf

Women are key factors in any society. No doubt, their sidelining or exclusion in the political arena and other decision making process is a problem that cannot be overlooked or swallowed hook, line and sinker. In Rivers State, the Judiciary arm of government is on hold presently because of a female appointment into the office of the Chief Justice of the State. This development motivated the study which examined women participation in grass-root politics: A community development perspective. The study with a sample size of 500 respondents, identified economical disadvantage, phobia for political vices amongst others as barriers to women participation in Rivers State grass-root politics. On the influence of women participation in politics on community development, it was accepted that women participation in politics, will increase women commitment to community goals and objectives achievement, influence and promote policies and programmes for the advancement of the women. Based on these findings, the study recommended sensitization and continuous creation of awareness to inform women on the need to be economically empowered as a way of facilitating their entry and relevance into politics, which will hitherto enhance development of their communities.

“Kadınların siyasal katılımları” konusu, teorik ve pratik uygulamalar ekseninde tartışılan ve araştırılan bir konudur. Kadınların siyasette yer alma şekilleri, siyasetteki yoklukları ve siyasal katılım kanalları ve araçları patriarkal sistemler temelinde farklı yansımalar bulmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Web of Science veri tabanından seçilen yayınların bibliyometrik analiz yöntemi kullanılarak kadınların siyasal katılımları ile ilgili yayınları çeşitli kriterler bağlamında haritalandırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, nicel bir yöntem olarak öne çıkan bibliyometrik analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Dünyada etkin bir veri tabanı olan WoS veri tabanında, 12 Nisan 2023 tarihinde “kadınların siyasal katılımları” anahtar kelimeleri seçilerek yapılan arama sonucunda, ilgili veri tabanında yayınlanan toplam 254 çalışma belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmalar içerisinde, sadece yayın dili sınırlaması uygulanarak İngilizce dilinde yayınlar seçilmiş ve analize toplam 220 çalışma dahil edilmiştir. Belirlenen çalışmalar WoS veri tabanı ve VOSviewier yazılımı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları, kadınların siyasal katılımı konulu çalışmaların 2020 tarihinden itibaren önceki yıllara göre azaldığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca çalışmada, ilgili konuda yayın yapan ülkeler içerisinde Türkiye’nin alt sıralarda olduğunun tespiti bir diğer önemli ve sorgulanmaya muhtaç bulgu olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma araştırmacılara, siyasetçilere ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarına kadınların siyasal katılımı konusunun teorik ve pratik uygulamalarını içerecek şekilde tüm ayrıntılarını bilerek, eksiklikleri ve zenginlikleri belirleme konusunda önemli bir veri sağlayacaktır.

Participation is one of the fundamental aspects in the course of the Democratic administration. In this study, the Women's Political Participation in the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) is quite high. It can be seen from their involvement in the management of the party. But the discussion of women's issues in politics and always have ups and downs of a women's political participation in the City field. From the results of this research note that women's political involvement or participation in the MCC is quite high. It is caused by several factors, including the most dominant cultural factors, and factors are less known women from the MCC. To keep pace with the need to understand the role and the authority held and used for the progress of women. The problems described in this study is the low level of political participation of women in Medan City Council 2009-2014 period, as pemeenuhan quota of 30% women candidates who have not really seriously implemented by parties that exist in Indonesia.

Ghana is one of the first countries in Africa to have ratified several international human rights treaties and conventions for women's rights and gender issues. Despite Ghana's democratic credentials and status, the level of women's participation in governance is low. The main objective of this chapter is to examine how sociocultural values influence women's political participation in the North and South of Ghana. Three research questions guided the study: How do cultural values contribute to the discrepancies of women's representation in politics in the North and South of Ghana? How do special measures such as UN gender quotas influence women's participation in politics? How do attitudes of political parties’ appeal to women's political participation? The chapter employed qualitative methodology, with data obtained through interviews and secondary data sources. The author purposively selected nine female parliamentarians (both current and former), two political party officials from the two main political parties, and four voters from the two regions to obtain a clear picture of the problem. This study contributed to the literature on sociocultural determinants of women political representation, by revealing how the female parliamentarians are restricted or empowered by the cultural norms.

In the previous chapter I presented a wide range of data pertaining to the nature of the provisions dealing with gender issues in 112 peace agreements signed between 2000 and 2008. The analysis established that women's political participation and gender-based violence are the highest coded categories in this database (21 and 20 peace agreements respectively). The data also showed that these peace agreements do not reflect the broader agenda for participation espoused by resolution 1325 since women's appointments to the judiciary, and recruitment to re-structured police forces, the army and security forces remain hardly addressed at all. Agreements also continue to marginalise women's participation in DDR and in transitional justice and reconciliation processes. Most importantly the findings reveal that the issue of women's economic and social rights remain largely absent from most peace agreements. However, quantitative data, if not combined with other methods, only provide a limited understanding of the reality of implementation that may lead to hasty or misguided conclusions. Therefore, for a fuller picture it is important to move beyond figures to critically evaluate how these issues are being addressed in peace agreements. This chapter will focus on women's political participation not least because it is one of the most common issues in peace agreements but also because it is one of the three main focuses of resolution 1325 and is an area that many women's groups have actively and repeatedly drawn attention to. The first part of this chapter critically engages with how the agenda on women, peace and security has treated the matter of women's political participation. This section will also map out how the peace agreements in the database have addressed the issue of women's political participation. The second part of this chapter attempts to answer the question of why peace agreements often address women's political participation but fail to tackle issues of women's economic and social inequalities that would, crucially, empower women and enable them to move towards gender equality as well as increased participation. The overall aim of the chapter is to reflect on the current impact of the UN agenda for women, peace and security on peace agreements. In pursuing this goal, I employ quantitative and qualitative data and include references to feminist literature, UN official documentation, peace agreements, and interviews conducted with elites within the field of peacemaking.

The purpose of this study is to analyze PKS's strategy to build women's political participation in its da'wah activities. The crisis of democracy is rationally caused by the lack of formal participation of the community, especially women in national politics. PKS has not maximized in utilizing alternative forms of women's participation through social media to fulfill affirmative policies. The efforts made by PKS have not been maximized in utilizing the strong influence of the media effects of the 4.0 era to increase women's political participation. The theoretical reference used is the theory proposed by Aeron Davis "Citizens, media effect and public participation" (Aeron Davis, 2019: 109-129). The concept of women's political participation in political parties can be brought closer to the term Ummah. This word is repeated 64 times in the word of Allah S.W.T, which is found among others in the 3rd surah (Ali-Imran) verse 110 and the 2nd surah (al-Baqarah) verse 143 and the 3rd surah (Ali-Imran) verse 110. Khyar means the best option, found in QS. As-Shaad [38]: 47. 'Aqibah which means impact or effect which in the Qur'an is mentioned 31 times of which is found in QS. Al-A'raf [7]: 128. This research paradigm is a critical paradigm using da'wah communication approaches, political communication, political parties and women's political participation. The research method consists of a type of research, namely descriptive qualitative. From this research, it can be seen that PKS encourages women to actively participate in politics as a manifestation of healthy democracy. Political awareness is built by conducting cadres every week through Ta'lim. The media used by PKS to build women's political participation is predominantly carried out through direct communication and is still minimal in the use of social media.

The urgency of this research lies in the need to understand the trends, contributions, and dynamics of women's political participation globally. This article aims to map studies that focus on women's political participation. Research methods include bibliometric analysis with data sources from the Scopus database. The study's findings reflect significant growth in women's political participation research, especially in recent years, with distribution varying by country and research theme. The research findings also show that although there are themes that have received attention, there are still areas that need to be explored further, such as intersectionality, gender equality, gender, and the impact of social media that provide insight into the complexity of women's political participation issues. This study recommends the need for increased research and local understanding of the factors influencing women's political participation in Indonesia to strengthen women's role in politics by learning from other countries that have successfully implemented inclusive policies. In addition, by involving various parties, including the government, research institutions, and civil society, Indonesia can create an environment that supports, empowers, and encourages women's political participation optimally. The implications of these findings not only help shape academic discourse, but also lay the foundation for concrete efforts to achieve gender equality and women's empowerment in the wider political sphere.

Objectives: This study seeks to examine the specific challenges and barriers related to women's participation in politics and decision-making within the context of Pakistan.
 Methodology: This study deploys literature review and historical analysis to understand the context and causes of women's underrepresentation. Furthermore, sociocultural analysis is used to assess the societal norms and cultural factors affecting women's participation in politics. Institutional analysis is used to evaluate the structural barriers and policies that hinder women's political involvement.
 Findings: The outcomes of this study indicates that women in Pakistan face persistent obstacles to active participation in politics as well as these obstacles stem from historical, sociocultural, and institutional factors. Furthermore, the underrepresentation of women in political positions has adverse effects on Pakistan's democratic framework, including limited diversity and inclusivity. The study identifies the need for comprehensive measures to remove these barriers and promote a more equal and representative political landscape in Pakistan.
 Applications of the study: Policymakers can use the findings to develop strategies and policies aimed at promoting women's political participation in Pakistan. In addition, civil society organizations can leverage the study's insights to advocate for gender-inclusive political reforms. Educational institutions can incorporate this research into their curriculum to raise awareness about gender disparities in politics. Furthermore, international organizations can support initiatives that address gender inequality in Pakistani politics based on the study's recommendations.
 Novelty/Originality of the study: The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive examination of the obstacles hindering women's participation in politics in Pakistan, encompassing historical, sociocultural, and institutional aspects. Additionally, it emphasizes the practical implications of women's underrepresentation on the democratic framework of the country. This holistic approach provides a unique perspective on the issue and offers valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to address gender disparities in politics.

This article discusses empirical findings on issues affecting women's effective participation in politics and the public sector of Ghana. It argues that women's involvement in public life and politics has steadily declined contrary to hopeful reportage that global empowerment campaigns have increased women's political participation across Africa. The article suggests that given the deep-rooted socio-cultural hindrances women face, affirmative action policies need to be revisited to complement women's agency in contesting for, winning, and participating in politics and public service more effectively.

The study is from a feminist perspective, with a qualitative case study approach, explores several barriers that limit women's participation in politics in Districts Kech and Khuzdar, Balochistan. An in-depth qualitative research approach was used with thematic analysis to identify women's obstacles in said districts. Primary data was collected from 30 respondents, 15 from each district, using semi-structured interviews. The study emphasizes the importance of identifying and removing these barriers to promote gender equality and increase women's political participation. The research article also guides decision-makers, women's organizations and activists working to improve women's political participation in Districts Kech and Khuzdar.

This chapter examines the political participation of women in Mexico between 1970 and the early 1990s, paying particular attention to the organizational forms and demands that emerged after the 1982 crisis. It explains how feminist ideas have impinged on the Mexican political process. The chapter provides a historical overview of women's political participation in Mexico after 1916, when the first feminist congress in Mexico took place. It presents the following two case studies of women's political participation during the 1980s: the women's movement in defense of the vote in Chihuahua and women's participation in the popular urban movements in Mexico City. The emergence of the Frente Unico pro Derechos de la Mujer was the most important development for the organized women's movement during the mid-1930s. The chapter discusses the principal elements of the feminist agenda in Mexico in the early 1990s and its impact on Mexican politics.

Although many measures have been taken by the majority of Arab countries enhance women's representation in decision-making positions, women's participation in public life and positions of power have not been achieved the desired level. The Arab region ranks the lowest in the world in terms of women's participation in parliaments. The objective of this paper is examine the Political participation of women in the Arab countries and identify different challenges that impede Arab women participation in politics and decision making. Challenges include: cultural factors, the stereotyped image of women, women's low self-confidence, lack of coordination among women's organizations, effectiveness/efficiency of women empowerment programs, shortcomings in the institutional and legal frameworks, practices of political parties and election process, skepticism about the Agenda for Women empowerment, the process of development of Women empowerment strategies. Thus, challenges facing women in politics are immense. They require the consolidation of all efforts with great belief in women's capabilities as human beings who are able lead and shoulder the responsibility in the building of their nations. Keywords: Arab women in politics, Arab women and equality, Arab women in development Setting the Scene at the Global Level: During the last decades, the world has witnessed special International attention women's issues, and devoted 1975 as the International Year for Women. The year of 1975 laid the groundwork for the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) during the first International conference on women held in Mexico in 1979 (2). The Mexico conference was followed by other main significant international conferences on women held in Copenhagen (1980), Nairobi (1985) (3). The pace of the attention women's issues has accelerated in the beginning of the nineties, with the growing international concern about the persistence of discrimination against women and the marginalization of their role, the consequent waste of energy, and the disruption of the fundamental forces in the overall development process. The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo in 1994 had the major impact on the emerging concern of gender issues. This was followed by the Beijing conference in 1995, which paved the way strengthen women's participation in decision-making process and higher positions and endorsed the cumulative effect of the previous efforts of all conferences emphasizing on the states' accountability and commitment adopt concrete plans of action that respond Beijing's Platform for Action (BPFA) (4). In further pursuit of women's rights, the Millennium Development Goals (MDG's) in 2000 clearly specified the importance of women development in its Goal 3; to promote gender equality and empowerment of women. Other MDG's have not explicitly stated gender as a target; however, women's issues are addressed implicitly in many areas of the MDG's such as poverty, education, and health (5). The Arab region was not in isolation from the global debate on women and human rights, where the political will has played a major role in enhancing Arab women development. Arab countries have witnessed major shifts over the past decade in political, economic, and social development. The Arab region, comprises 22 states that are members of the Arab League, is defined by a complex set of issues, including the Arab-Israeli conflict and its repercussions, unstable economic conditions and trends, population-resource imbalances and environmental stress. The Arab Islamic cultural heritage and common Arabic language have preserved a unique character for the region and its peoples. Democratization in the Arab region remains a slow process which faces various setbacks including regional instability and conflict, economic imbalances, and the lack of freedom engage in a meaningful democratic process. …

Drawing on the data collected from three surveys in China's Zhejiang province during the period from 1999 to 2006, this article attempts to examine women's political participation in village autonomy and village elections in China. The data show that while men and women have obtained a very similar level of self-awareness and motivation in terms of political participation, China's patriarchal system, embedded in various forms of mindset and political practice, continues to constrain rural women's political involvement in a substantial way. The gender gap remains and the proportion of rural women in local power structures is declining. The article explains both the similarities and differences between men and women in rural political participation, and identifies some major causes for the decline of women's share in grassroots leading positions. It shows that there is no causal linkage between economic development and the improvement of women's political participation, and that the lack of political and other systematic supports leads to the low proportion of women in local power structures.