Women's contribution to the agricultural industry: An assessment of their work satisfaction and morale

A central paradox in studies of gender and jobsatisfaction is why women's job satisfaction is notlower than men's, given that women's jobs are ofteninferior. The explanation most commonly used is that women have lower expectations than men becausethey compare themselves to women while men comparethemselves to men. However, general studies maybemasking a gender difference in higher occupationallevels. The current study explores this possibility byanalyzing the 326 lawyers in the 1990 National Survey ofLawyers' Career Satisfaction. Of the women, 9% wereminorities, and of the men, 3%. It is found that women have significantly lower jobsatisfaction. Women's lower job satisfaction is dueprimarily to their lack of influence and promotionalopportunity. The results support the assertion thatprofessional women have the same expectations asprofessional men, not lower, but because of inequalityin opportunity, the women have lower jobsatisfaction.

While women's labor force participation has increased, their positions vary in prestige, authority, autonomy, and segregation in comparison with men's. Earlier research in which they evaluate their job quality, however, finds women's job satisfaction to be the same or higher than men's, and nonwhites' job satisfaction lower than whites'. The present research examines perceived job satisfaction for a large national sample in 2002. In a model that includes human capital and work context variables, race continues to significantly impact job satisfaction. Sex and race segregation do not impact job satisfaction, but having supportive coworkers does. Such support is more characteristic of women's than men's work relationships in these data and may help account for women's comparable job satisfaction.

Female workers have a double burden, between work in the office and at home. Skill mismatch and working hours mismatch exacerbate the problems faced by female workers. This study aims to analyze the relationship between skill mismatch and working hours mismatch with the job satisfaction of female workers. This study used secondary data from Happiness Level Measurement Survey (SPTK) 2017. Indonesia Statistics office organized SPTK2017 at all Indonesian provinces with 72.317 respondents. Respondents in SPTK2017 are the head of the household or his/her couple. The unit of analysis in this study was female workers with a total of 21,805 observations.The analytical method used is descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression. The descriptive findings show that as many as 22.1 percent of female workers with skills mismatch and 27.85 percent of female workers working hours mismatch are not satisfied with the work they are doing. The regression findings show that skill mismatch and working hours mismatch is negatively related to women's job satisfaction. Working hours mismatch has the strongest relationship to women's job satisfaction among other variables in the model.

A positive, sentimental state of mind that arises from an evaluation of one's work, an expressive response to one's work, and an attitude toward one's work is known as job satisfaction. A person's level of comfort at work is reflected in their level of job satisfaction; the happier they are at work, the more content they are with their employment. Here, the researcher looks for women's job satisfaction. Men's and women's job satisfaction varied, and women's job satisfaction is a significant emotional component of their work experience, as it may reveal how successful they have been in achieving their independence in the workplace. Workplace satisfaction is influenced by a variety of interrelated elements, including motivation, superior-subordinate relationships, emolument benefits, opportunities for promotion and transfer, and more. In addition to these, other significant influences on the job happiness of female employees include their unique personality qualities, family status, and other economic and social issues. This study was carried out with the use of a normative survey method. Stratified random sampling was the method used. A sample of 170 female employees from Chhattisgarh State was selected by considering various institutional types and strata of location. The mean, standard deviation, t-test, and other general descriptive statistics are used to analyze overall job satisfaction.

While there has been extensive research investigating the antecedents of women's job satisfaction, the majority of it has focused on Western women in developed countries. This study explores the job satisfaction of women in a developing, Middle Eastern country context through an assessment of personal demographics and their relative contributions to objective and subjective aspects of job satisfaction among women managers. More specifically, we looked at the impact of age, education, tenure, marital status and religious affiliation on the objective and subjective job satisfaction levels of 346 women managers in the services industry in Lebanon. Results indicate that job satisfaction is related to age, religious affiliation and tenure, but not to marital status and education. The implications of this study are then discussed, along with limitations and suggestions for future research.

This article examines gender differences in the influence of parenthood and social support on job satisfaction. This is important because there is ample evidence that work and family roles are managed and coordinated differently by men and women and therefore that home roles influence men's and women's job satisfaction differentially. Using a large random sample of the Toronto metropolitan area, gender differences in the impact of parenthood and social support from partners and coworkers on job satisfaction, controlling for job demands, are examined. Results indicate that mothers have higher job satisfaction than fathers and nonmothers. Coworker support is more important for men's job satisfaction than partner support. Partner support is highly significant for women's job satisfaction, whereas the influence of coworker support varies as a function of partner support. Implications for an understanding of gender differences in job satisfaction and in the experience of dual roles are discussed.

This study examines women's contribution to the family economy through micro-enterprises in Sribasuki Village and how the community perceives this economic role. In the context of a rural society that still holds strong traditional values, the urgency of this research arises because women's economic contributions are often not appreciated proportionally. The objectives of this study are to analyze the community's perception of women's role in micro-enterprises, identify the forms of their contributions, and reveal the obstacles they face. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques of in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation of five key informants. The results show that women not only contribute financially through culinary and handicraft businesses, but also play a strategic role in household financial management and meeting the basic needs of the family. Involvement in microenterprises increases women's independence, self-confidence, and bargaining power in family decision-making, indicating a shift in public perception. However, women still face structural obstacles such as limited capital, market access, and business literacy. As a result, systematic empowerment programs are needed, including training, access to inclusive financing, and network strengthening to optimize women's economic contribution potential.

Women's role in agriculture is widely reported to be essential; despite this, women's role in the wheat-sector is under-researched. Feminist standpoint theory is applied in analyzing 73 documents on women's role in agriculture from 1990 until 2016 to answer the following questions: How does the world look, and operate, for males and females in wheat growing households? What do we know about social relationships and mediating processes (i.e., social factors mediating men's and women's access to resources and activities) that exist in the prime wheat growing regions in Pakistan? The paper highlights a knowledge gap in relation to the life histories, local experiences, as well as unofficial and informal networks of small farmers in general, and of poor and marginalized women in particular. This neglect of rural subjects is a missed opportunity to learn and to engage in improved program design that contributes to enhanced food security and resilience in rural communities. The paper is relevant to development professionals and agriculture researchers and proposes further research questions on topics that appear to have an influence on women's role in wheat farming and food systems and women's ability to be successful in securing a wheat-based livelihood.

The economic face of gender inequality is not new; it existed in extreme forms and manifestations in the past also. Over the years, gender inequality has been translated in several forms, which include invisibility, glass ceiling, pink ceiling, wage gap, hindrances in career growth and access to capacity building. The developed world is also struggling to address issues of gender inequality and sustainable economic growth. Countries that have overcome this, are on high growth trajectories. Pakistan poses a dismal picture, low female labor force and economic participation remains a major contributor to Pakistan's low GDP. The issue of economic gender parity, if addressed, can therefore become a catalyst for Pakistan's future growth target. The acknowledgment of women's contribution to the society is undervalued. In addition, the proportion of women in informal sector is higher than in formal sector of economy. Thus, women are not showcased in inclusive growth and sustainability paradigms. Marriages, societal constraints, mobility issues, security situations, lack of encouragement of entrepreneurial start-ups, insufficient exposure to decision making roles and poor awareness about career growth are some of the factors that impede women's contribution to inclusive growth. The consensus is to increase women's visibility, participation and access, create equal opportunities and nurture a healthy work environment. This research attempts to contribute to the intellectual discourse through an indicative study in an urban setting, an indicative survey and interviews were conducted to ascertain the current mindset and status of women in workforce and their contribution to economic growth and sustainability. The sample size is 100+ females who have completed higher education degree in the last ten years. The hypothesis is backed by the Feminist Economic theory which demands wage and role equality in economic policy making and also questions division of labor at homes and in societies.

Smallholder farmers in Nueva Ecija play a vital role in Philippine agriculture, yet their profitability remains constrained by structural and operational challenges. This study investigates the entrepreneurial practices of smallholder farmers, including product diversification, customer engagement, cost control, and record-keeping, and their relationship to self-reported profitability. Using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s r correlation, the study surveyed 59 purposively selected farmers. Results showed that product diversification and customer engagement had strong positive correlations with profitability, while cost control and record-keeping showed moderate but significant relationships. Demographic factors, such as age, gender, education, and years of farming experience, had a minimal influence on financial outcomes. Key challenges identified included limited capital access, inadequate market linkage, and insufficient agripreneurship training. Institutional support was present but uneven, with technical aid more available than digital and financial services. A localized action plan is proposed to address capacity-building, financial inclusion, digital literacy, and cooperative branding. This aligns with Entrepreneurial Orientation Theory and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, emphasizing that entrepreneurial behaviors supported by institutional mechanisms can enhance the resilience and profitability of smallholder farmers. The study recommends multi-stakeholder collaboration and scalable interventions to sustain inclusive agribusiness development in rural areas.

The mango industry functions as a vital economic sector for Nueva Ecija but faces rising production instability, which requires urgent development of protective measures. The output trend shows a decline since the last few years, although it experienced growth before, indicating emerging weaknesses that require specific solutions. The study described the current farm practices in planting materials, cultural management, harvest, postharvest, marketing, and financing through a descriptive quantitative design involving 110 growers from 11 cities and municipalities in Nueva Ecija province. Researchers collected data through structured questionnaires and analyzed it using frequency and percentage distributions. The research showed strength in access and availability of production equipment, while weaknesses include inadequate working capital and limited training. Opportunities are in value-added production through the processing center of the Palayan City Mango and Grain Growers Association. However, the rising cost of farm inputs, pest infestation, and adverse weather conditions continue to affect profitability. The development plan entails capacity building, pest management, and infrastructure enhancement to make the mango industry more resilient in Nueva Ecija.

New trends in global trade including rise in services, global value chains, and the digital economy are opening up important economic opportunities for women. Trade has the potential to expand women's role in the economy, decrease inequality, and expand women's access to skills and education. Trade can dramatically improve women's lives, creating new jobs, enhancing consumer choice, and increasing women's bargaining power in society. In Bangladesh economy, the women led micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play a noteworthy role by providing services and goods, creating employment generation particularly for women (UN Women, 2020). According to an ILO report, the majority of female-owned SMEs in Bangladesh are involved in the trading sector, followed by the manufacturing and service sectors (Fatima, 2023). This chapter is based on the case studies on 50 women entrepreneurs in various levels in Bangladesh and 10 key informant interviews of government officials, business associations, academics, researcher, microcredit organizations. This is encouraging that due to government's women friendly policies and organizational supports along with better networking through social media in Bangladesh, more and more women of various backgrounds in Bangladesh are coming to business though still concentrated on few traditional areas but they are making space for themselves and creating employment for poorest segment of women and educated young women.

This essay focuses on the problems and obstacles associated with women's empowerment while attempting to assess the state of women's empowerment in India. Women's empowerment has emerged as one of the 21st century's most pressing issues. However, in practice, women's empowerment remains a fantasy. In our daily lives, we witness the ways in which women are harmed by a variety of social ills. The key to increasing women's access to resources and their capacity to make wise decisions in life is women's empowerment. The process of improving the economic, social, and political standing of women—who have historically been marginalized in society—is fundamentally known as women's empowerment. It involves protecting kids from all types of violence. The study's sole source of information is secondary. According to the report, despite numerous government initiatives, Indian women still have a relatively low level of empowerment and a somewhat lower status than men. It is discovered that women continue to accept unfair gender standards in society. The study ends by noting that the only things that facilitate women's empowerment are access to education, employment, and a shift in social structure. Women's empowerment has been found to be greatly aided by education, which allows them to fully engage in the political, social, and economic realms. But access to education remains a major obstacle for women, especially in poorer nations. The literature on women's access to education and how it affects their empowerment is thoroughly reviewed in this paper. It looks at the different elements—such as poverty, prejudice, cultural norms, and a lack of resources—that influence women's access to education. The study also emphasizes how education promotes women's empowerment through better health outcomes, more economic opportunities, and higher political participation. The study concludes by outlining the obstacles still facing women's educational access as well as the laws and initiatives that can be used to get beyond them.

There is a gender gap observed in access, ownership and control of land and other productive resources which is not in favor of women in Nigeria. While most studies on access to land resource have related it to food security, this study however examined its implications for the empowerment of women in the study area. Multistage sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 120 households from the population. Questionnaires were used to elicit information from the sample, and its administration was interactive. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between women's empowerment and access, control, and ownership of land resource. The regression analysis showed that land ownership, rights to land, and decision-making power over land had significant effects on the empowerment status. The study recommends that laws that will ensure and protect women's access and rights to land should be put in place and such laws should be properly monitored and evaluated. Keywords: Access to Land, Women’s Empowerment, Land Ownership, control of land Proceedings Reference

Climate change affects every aspect of the food system, including all nodes along agri-food value chains from production to consumption, the food environments in which people live, and outcomes, such as diets and livelihoods. Men and women often have specific roles and responsibilities within food systems, yet structural inequalities (formal and informal) limit women's access to resources, services, and agency. These inequalities affect the ways in which men and women experience and are affected by climate change. In addition to gender, other social factors are at play, such as age, education, marital status, and health and economic conditions. To date, most climate change policies, investments, and interventions do not adequately integrate gender. If climate-smart and climate-resilient interventions do not adequately take gender differences into account, they might exacerbate gender inequalities in food systems by, for instance, increasing women's labor burden and time poverty, reducing their access to and control over income and assets, and reducing their decision-making power. At the same time, women's contributions are critical to make food systems more resilient to the negative impacts of climate change, given their specialized knowledge, skills and roles in agri-food systems, within the household, at work and in their communities. Increasing the resilience of food systems requires going beyond addressing gendered vulnerabilities to climate change to create an enabling environment that supports gender equality and women's empowerment, by removing structural barriers and rigid gender norms, and building equal power dynamics, as part of a process of gender transformative change. For this to happen, more research is needed to prioritize structural barriers that need to be removed and to identify effective gender transformative approaches.