Women Objectification in The Last Duel (2021) Film By Ridley Scott

Because a substantial proportion of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence is experienced at a young age, primary prevention of these forms of violence must begin early. Prevention efforts should take into consideration that female sexual violence and stalking victimization is perpetrated predominately by men and that a substantial proportion of male sexual violence and stalking victimization (including rape, unwanted sexual contact, noncontact unwanted sexual experiences, and stalking) also is perpetrated by men. CDC seeks to prevent these forms of violence with strategies that address known risk factors for perpetration and by changing social norms and behaviors by using bystander and other prevention strategies. In addition, primary prevention of intimate partner violence is focused on the promotion of healthy relationship behaviors and other protective factors, with the goal of helping adolescents develop these positive behaviors before their first relationships. The early promotion of healthy relationships while behaviors are still relatively modifiable makes it more likely that young persons can avoid violence in their relationships.

Adolescent sexual violence: Prevalence, adolescent risks, and violence characteristics

Are the Predictors of Sexual Violence the Same as Those of Nonsexual Violence? A Gender Analysis

This summarizes proceedings of a Scientific Research Planning Meeting on Sexual Violence and HIV transmission, convened by the Social Science Research Council on 19–20 March 2012 at the Greentree Foundation in New York. The Meeting brought together an interdisciplinary group of basic, clinical, epidemiological and social science researchers and policy makers with the aim of: (1) examining what is known about the physiology of sexual violence and its role in HIV transmission, acquisition and pathogenesis; (2) specifying factors that distinguish risks throughout the maturation of the female genital tract, the reproductive cycle and among post-menopausal women; and (3) developing a research agenda to explore unanswered questions. The Meeting resulted in a consensus Research Agenda and White Paper that identify priorities for HIV research, policy and practice as it pertains to the role of sexual violence and genital injury in HIV transmission, acquisition and pathogenesis, particularly among women and girls.

Responding to sexual violence in armed conflict

Background Although studies have investigated the association between sexual violence (SV) victimization and substance use, few studies have examined the association between SV victimization and electronic vaping product (EVP) use among adolescents in the United States. The objective of this study was to examine the cross-sectional association between SV victimization and EVP use among adolescents. Methods Data were pooled from the 2017 and 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. An analytic sample of 28,135 adolescents (51.2% female) was analyzed using binary logistic regression. The outcome variable investigated was EVP use, and the main explanatory variable was SV victimization. Results Of the 28,135 adolescents, the prevalence of past 30-day EVP use and SV victimization was 22.7% and 10.8%, respectively. Controlling for other factors, adolescents who experienced SV had 1.52 times higher odds of being EVP users when compared to their counterparts who did not experience SV (AOR = 1.52, p < .001, 95% CI = 1.27–1.82). Other factors associated with EVP use included cyberbullying victimization, symptoms of depression, and current use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. Conclusions Experiencing SV was associated with EVP use. Future studies that employ longitudinal designs may offer more insight into the mechanisms underlying the association between SV victimization and EVP use. In addition, school-based interventions that focus on sexual violence prevention and reducing substance use among adolescents are warranted.

The purpose of the study was to analyze and generalize recommendations regarding the actions of medical workers when documenting the facts of sexual violence and providing medical and psychological assistance to persons affected by sexual violence related to the armed conflict in Ukraine. Results and discussion. As a result of the international armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine, caused by the aggression of the Russian Federation, a large number of crimes against the civilian population were recorded. At the present time, one of the difficult challenges of society is sexual violence in the conditions of armed conflict. Sexual violence during an armed conflict is not only a criminal offense, but also a violation of international humanitarian law and human rights. According to the United Nations, the facts of sexual violence in wartime are difficult to detect and investigate. Responding to sexual violence in armed conflict requires coordination of international and national institutions and an interdisciplinary approach to providing legal and medical assistance, social and psychological support to victims of sexual violence during armed conflict. The modern tool for combating violence against women and preventing violence against women is the Istanbul Convention. An important aspect is that the right of victims of sexual violence during armed conflicts to appeal to state bodies, human rights organizations, medical workers, psychologists for help is a personal decision of each victim. A victim of sexual violence in the context of an armed conflict has the right to receive qualified free medical care. Medical assistance to persons affected by conflict-related sexual violence is provided in health care facilities as needed at all levels of medical care, both outpatient and inpatient. The purpose of providing medical assistance to the victim is to overcome the negative consequences and effects of conflict-related sexual violence on the physical and psychological health of the victim. The injured person has the right to freely choose a health care facility, a doctor, and a method of treatment in accordance with the doctor's recommendations. Medical assistance to persons affected (or likely to be affected) by conflict-related sexual violence is provided in accordance with the Protocols for the provision of medical assistance. When seeking medical help from victims or their legal representatives, medical workers must record their complaints (appeals), collect anamnesis, conduct a medical examination with an assessment of the condition of a victim of conflict-related sexual violence and, if necessary, additional instrumental and laboratory examination and measures to prevent the consequences of sexual violence. Conclusion. We recommend an algorithm of actions for medical professionals in cases of recording and documenting the fact of conflict-related sexual violence. In order to prevent psychological traumatization of the victim, it is recommended to use modern methods of recording (photographing, video recording) during the collection of anamnesis and subsequent examination of the victim in order to enable the parties to the criminal proceedings/court to use the obtained data. It is emphasized that the timely conduct of forensic medical examinations in order to detect the presence of injuries with the subsequent recording of the facts of the conflict-related sexual violence will help the side of the criminal proceedings/court to take effective measures of a criminal or other nature against the offender

Little is known about the effect a history of sexual violence (SV) victimization has on the likelihood of reporting screening tests for cancer. This study investigates the association between SV victimization and cancer screening behaviors. We analyzed data from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) from 11 states and 1 territory (U.S. Virgin Islands) that administered the SV module to describe demographic characteristics, quality of life, health status, cancer screening behaviors, healthcare coverage, and use of healthcare services for 58,665 women and men who reported SV victimization compared to women and men who did not. The SV victimization measure includes unwanted touching, exposure to sexual material, or ever experiencing completed or attempted unwanted sex. Statistical significance was determined using chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression models. Multivariate logistic regression results presented as adjusted proportions showed SV victimization was significantly associated with mammography screening for women (74.0 % victims vs. 77.1% nonvictims, p=0.02). SV victimization was not associated with cancer screening among men. Fewer women reporting SV victimization had healthcare insurance, a personal doctor or healthcare provider, and received regular checkups within the past 1-12 months. Fewer men reporting SV victimization had healthcare coverage. These data suggest that SV victimization may have a negative association on overall healthcare use, including breast cancer screening for women. Healthcare providers should consider SV victimization as a potential barrier for women who report not being up-to-date with mammography.

Sexual assault is a common occurrence among incarcerated men in correctional facilities, and severely impacts the psychological well-being of the victim. We explored hypermasculinity as a moderator between sexual violence (SV) victimization and consequent mental health outcomes (prototypic and masculine depression, alcohol use and drug use) among incarcerated men in Tshwane, South Africa. A convenience sample of 160 incarcerated men self-completed two questionnaires: Questionnaire 1, completed during their incarceration, included themes such as demographics, incarceration-related characteristics, and involvement in physical fighting, and Questionnaire 2, completed at least two months post their release from incarceration, included themes such as demographics, gang affiliation, hypermasculinity, SV victimization, misuse of substances and/or alcohol, prototypic depression and masculine depression. Descriptive analyses were conducted to examine sample characteristics. Associations between variables were examined with Pearson’s correlational analysis while the moderation effect was tested with the SPSS PROCESS macro software. Hypermasculinity had a significant moderation effect on SV victimization and prototypic depression. Post hoc probing analyses showed a significant negative relationship between SV victimization and prototypic depression among men who highly endorsed hypermasculinity, but no significant relationship was observed among those who endorsed hypermasculinity at low or average levels. The moderation effect of hypermasculinity was not statistically significant for SV victimization and masculine depression, alcohol use and drug use. Men who were high in hypermasculinity had a decreased likelihood of prototypic depression despite having been sexually victimized. Interventions that address SV-related mental health outcomes should take into account the role of masculine ideals in SV-related psychological reactions among incarcerated men or men with a history of incarceration.

The high rate of sexual violence against children means that children in Indonesia are at risk of becoming victims of child sexual abuse and violence. The growth and development of children is related to the condition of the family including their parents, their father and mother. One of the many health outcomes associated with maternal responsiveness is cognitive and psychosocial effects where maternal responsiveness greatly influences child development. This study to develop a community-based model for the prevention of child sexual abuse and violence with the maternal responsiveness method in realizing a healthy Jember Regency. This study used an observational analytic research design with a cross-sectional study method. The population in this study were people in Rambipuji District with families who had children who were victims of sexual violence. The sample size was calculated based on the rule of the thumb formula in SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) resulting in 118 respondents. The sample was determined by using multistage random sampling technique with the sampling stage from sub-districts to clusters or RTs. Data analysis used univariate analysis and multivariate analysis used logistic regression test. Maternal factors in the good category had an effect on responsiveness by 26,750 times compared to the factors of the bad category. Based on the results of the study, the results showed that children's factors consisting of children's health status, children's gross motor system, children's fine motor systems, children's socialization in language had an effect on preventing children from sexual violence, namely children. mentally healthy and socially healthy. The majority of respondents are 26-45 years old, highly educated, work, and Javanese. The results of multivariate analysis using logistic regression, show that there is an influence between maternal factors responsiveness and there is an influence between child factors and the avoidance of children from sexual violence.

The aim of this study was to assess the association between lifetime spousal violence victimization, spousal violence perpetration, and physical health outcomes and behaviours among women in India. In the 2015–2016 National Family Health Survey, a sample of ever-married women (15–49 years) (N = 66,013) were interviewed about spousal violence. Results indicate that 29.9% of women reported lifetime spousal physical violence victimization and 7.1% lifetime spousal sexual violence victimization (31.1% physical and/or sexual violence victimization), and 3.5% lifetime spousal physical violence perpetration. Lifetime spousal violence victimization and lifetime spousal violence perpetration were significantly positively correlated with asthma, genital discharge, genital sores or ulcers, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), tobacco use, alcohol use, and termination of pregnancy, and negatively associated with daily consumption of dark vegetables. In addition, lifetime spousal violence victimization was positively associated with being underweight, high random blood glucose levels, and anaemia, and negatively correlated with being overweight or obese. Lifetime spousal violence perpetration was marginally significantly associated with hypertension. The study found in a national sample of women in India a decrease of lifetime physical and/or sexual spousal violence victimization and an increase of lifetime spousal physical violence perpetration from 2005/5 to 2015/6. The results support other studies that found that, among women, lifetime spousal physical and/or sexual spousal violence victimization and lifetime spousal physical violence perpetration increase the odds of chronic conditions, physical illnesses, and health risk behaviours.

Introduction Sexual violence has an alarming prevalence globally. Studies indicate an association between sexual violence victims (SVV) and the development of low heart rate variability, which is a predictor of negative cardiovascular outcomes. Objective The objective of this study is to conduct an initial literature review and qualitative analysis of studies to investigate the effects of sexual violence trauma on heart rate variability (HRV). Methods Three databases (PubMed, BVS and Embase) were selected for the search of studies with HRV analysis data in SVV. The chosen period was the last decade (from the year 2013 onwards). Since the R-R interval represents the interval between each heartbeat and vagal tone is the main modulator of heart rate variability, parameters representative of HRV were: SDNN (standard deviation of all RR intervals), which expresses the global sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, RMSSD (Root mean square of the successive differences), and HF (high frequency component, an indicator of parasympathetic activity on the heart). The inclusion criteria were studies involving groups of individuals who have experienced sexual violence, whether recent or past, and measuring heart rate variability using SDNN, RMSSD, and/or HF indices. The exclusion criteria stablished were those studies that did not involve sexual violence victims or the measurement of heart rate variability using SDNN, RMSSD, and/or HF to directly associate these components, studies that did not provide specific HRV evaluation results for the SVV groups, and systematic reviews. The search terms chosen were: ““Sex Offense”” OR ““Sex Offenses”” OR ““Sexual Assault”” OR ““Sexual Assaults”” OR ““Sexual Assaults”” OR ““Sexual Violence”” OR ““Sexual Violences”” OR ““Sexual Abuse”” OR ““Sexual Abuses”” AND “HRV” OR “Heart Rate Variability”, resulting in a total of 18 articles in all three databases after excluding duplicates. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, five studies were qualitatively analyzed regarding HRV data among sexual violence victims. In studies comparing HRV index measurements in SVV and non-SVV groups and/or measurements before and after stimulus, differences between groups were considered for the analysis. Methods for this measurement included: 24-hour Holter monitoring, Electrocardiogram, and Firstbeat Bodyguard. Studies evaluating HRV in victims of sexual abuse at baseline, over a specified period of time, or in response to a stressful/stimulating task were included. Results Among the five reviewed studies, three highlighted a significant reduction in HRV among individuals with SVV, suggesting an association between this condition and decreased HRV. While one comparative study found no statistical differences between SVV and non-SVV groups (p &amp;gt; alpha), two others indicated that the SVV group exhibited significantly lower HRV (p &amp;lt; alpha). Conclusions These findings suggest a potential link between SVV and reduced HRV, indicating a potentially elevated cardiovascular risk in this group. However, limitations such as varied methodologies, distinct objectives, and small sample sizes require further studies to investigate whether the initial findings will be replicated. Thus, a broader analysis is needed to fully understand this association and implement appropriate preventive intervention strategies against cardiovascular problems. Disclosure No.

In sub-Saharan Africa the population prevalence of men who have sex with men (MSM) is unknown, as is the population prevalence of male-on-male sexual violence, and whether male-on-male sexual violence may relate to HIV risk. This paper describes lifetime prevalence of consensual male-male sexual behavior and male-on-male sexual violence (victimization and perpetration) in two South African provinces, socio-demographic factors associated with these experiences, and associations with HIV serostatus. In a cross-sectional study conducted in 2008, men aged 18-49 y from randomly selected households in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces provided anonymous survey data and dried blood spots for HIV serostatus assessment. Interviews were completed in 1,737 of 2,298 (75.6%) of enumerated and eligible households. From these households, 1,705 men (97.1%) provided data on lifetime history of same-sex experiences, and 1,220 (70.2%) also provided dried blood spots for HIV testing. 5.4% (n = 92) of participants reported a lifetime history of any consensual sexual activity with another man; 9.6% (n = 164) reported any sexual victimization by a man, and 3.0% (n = 51) reported perpetrating sexual violence against another man. 85.0% (n = 79) of men with a history of consensual sex with men reported having a current female partner, and 27.7% (n = 26) reported having a current male partner. Of the latter, 80.6% (n = 21/26) also reported having a female partner. Men reporting a history of consensual male-male sexual behavior are more likely to have been a victim of male-on-male sexual violence (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 7.24; 95% CI 4.26-12.3), and to have perpetrated sexual violence against another man (aOR = 3.10; 95% CI 1.22-7.90). Men reporting consensual oral/anal sex with a man were more likely to be HIV+ than men with no such history (aOR = 3.11; 95% CI 1.24-7.80). Men who had raped a man were more likely to be HIV+ than non-perpetrators (aOR = 3.58; 95% CI 1.17-10.9). In this sample, one in 20 men (5.4%) reported lifetime consensual sexual contact with a man, while about one in ten (9.6%) reported experience of male-on-male sexual violence victimization. Men who reported having had sex with men were more likely to be HIV+, as were men who reported perpetrating sexual violence towards other men. Whilst there was no direct measure of male-female concurrency (having overlapping sexual relationships with men and women), the data suggest that this may have been common. These findings suggest that HIV prevention messages regarding male-male sex in South Africa should be mainstreamed with prevention messages for the general population, and sexual health interventions and HIV prevention interventions for South African men should explicitly address male-on-male sexual violence.

Although prior studies have examined the association between sexual violence victimization and violent behaviors, few studies have investigated the association between sexual violence victimization and weapon carrying among adolescents in the United States. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between sexual violence victimization and weapon carrying among adolescents. Data for this study came from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. An analytic sample of 13,605 adolescents aged 12–18 years old was analyzed using binary logistic regression. The outcome variable investigated in this study was weapon carrying during the past 30 days, and the main explanatory variable investigated was sexual violence victimization during the past year. Of the 13,605 adolescents, 13.6% reported carrying a weapon at least once during the past 30 days. A little over one in ten adolescents (11.8%) experienced sexual violence victimization during the past year. In the multivariable logistic regression, adolescents who were victims of sexual violence had 1.82 times higher odds of reporting carrying a weapon when compared to their non-victimized counterparts (AOR = 1.82, p < .001, 95% CI = 1.44–2.30). Symptoms of depression partially attenuate the association between sexual violence victimization and weapon carrying. Other significant factors associated with weapon carrying include male gender, bullying victimization, obesity, and substance use. Adolescents who self-identified as Black/African American, Hispanic, or Asian were significantly less likely to carry a weapon. The findings of this study underscore the importance of improving safety in schools by developing appropriate interventions to reduce sexual violence and weapon carrying among adolescents.

Sexual violence is a serious public health problem that has been associated with negative mental and physical health outcomes. Few existing studies have examined the prevalence and patterns of adverse mental health among victims of sexual violence using data from nationally representative samples of U.S. adults. The main objectives of this study were to identify patterns in the associations between sexual violence victimization and depression and anxiety (DA) symptoms using data from the sexual violence and DA Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) modules. Stratified multivariate logistic regression models were conducted to test the associations between sexual violence victimization and DA controlling for demographic characteristics. Multiple stratified MANOVA models were used to detect the effect of sexual violence victimization on DA symptoms while controlling for key demographic characteristics. Among all 61,187 participants, more than 5% (n = 3,240) were victims of sexual violence, out of which 18.82% reported being diagnosed with depression, 8.37% reported an anxiety disorder, and 28.28% reported being diagnosed with DA disorder. Victims of sexual violence reported significantly higher number of days when they had trouble concentrating, sleep difficulties, poor appetite, little interest or pleasure in activities, blamed themselves for personal failure, felt depressed, and had little energy. The present study highlights the importance of collecting nationally representative data from victims of sexual violence and extends previous findings from clinically based studies. This study also serves as an example of an analytic approach that addresses a public health priority area by drawing on data from multiple topic-specific BRFSS modules.