Women Marginalization as Victims of Sexual Harassment: Corpus-Assisted Critical Discourse Analysis

Sexual harassment is a sexually oriented act committed against another person that results in the emergence of displeasure or compulsion from the act. Victims of sexual harassment have their impacts on the victims, ranging from physical, and psychological to social so that what victims of sexual harassment experience influences their core beliefs in living their lives. These core beliefs are formed through experiences since childhood, the living environment, and the subject's interactions with the world and other people. This research aims to find out what the core beliefs of victims of sexual harassment are and the impact of the harassment incident. This research was conducted using qualitative methods with a case study approach. The research respondents, namely two women, were victims of sexual harassment who used purposive sampling techniques and used significant others to obtain relevant data. Data collection uses interviews, documentation, and core belief inventory (CBI). The research results show that the core beliefs developed by the two respondents are different. The first respondent showed a negative core belief and the second respondent showed a positive core belief so that if the core belief is positive, it will give rise to positive intermediate beliefs and automatic thoughts and vice versa. These things influence the way of life of each of the two respondents. The impact felt by the two respondents was anxiety, fear and even blaming themselves. This research was implemented to provide an overview of the core beliefs held by victims of sexual harassment and the impact felt by victims of harassment.

Sexual harassment is a sexually oriented act committed against another person that results in the emergence of displeasure or compulsion from the act. Victims of sexual harassment have their impacts on the victims, ranging from physical, and psychological to social so that what victims of sexual harassment experience influences their core beliefs in living their lives. These core beliefs are formed through experiences since childhood, the living environment, and the subject's interactions with the world and other people. This research aims to find out what the core beliefs of victims of sexual harassment are and the impact of the harassment incident. This research was conducted using qualitative methods with a case study approach. The research respondents, namely two women, were victims of sexual harassment who used purposive sampling techniques and used significant others to obtain relevant data. Data collection uses interviews, documentation, and core belief inventory (CBI). The research results show that the core beliefs developed by the two respondents are different. The first respondent showed a negative core belief and the second respondent showed a positive core belief so that if the core belief is positive, it will give rise to positive intermediate beliefs and automatic thoughts and vice versa. These things influence the way of life of each of the two respondents. This research was implemented to provide an overview of the core beliefs held by victims of sexual harassment and the impact felt by victims of harassment.

In 2 studies, we investigated victim attributions (Study 1) and outcomes (Study 2) for workplace aggression and sexual harassment. Drawing on social categorization theory, we argue that victims of workplace aggression and sexual harassment may make different attributions about their mistreatment. In Study 1, we investigated victim attributions in an experimental study. We hypothesized that victims of sexual harassment are more likely than victims of workplace aggression to depersonalize their mistreatment and attribute blame to the perpetrator or the perpetrator's attitudes toward their gender. In contrast, victims of workplace aggression are more likely than victims of sexual harassment to personalize the mistreatment and make internal attributions. Results supported our hypotheses. On the basis of differential attributions for these 2 types of mistreatment, we argue that victims of workplace aggression may experience stronger adverse outcomes than victims of sexual harassment. In Study 2, we compared meta-analytically the attitudinal, behavioral, and health outcomes of workplace aggression and sexual harassment. Negative outcomes of workplace aggression were stronger in magnitude than those of sexual harassment for 6 of the 8 outcome variables. Implications and future directions are discussed.

Time’s Up Healthcare Sets a Wake-Up Call

Sexual harassment (SH) victimization is common and associated with emotional distress and anxiety among adolescents, but little is known about the potential associations between SH and behavioral correlates. Building on theory and previous research, this study was designed to explore the association between SH victimization, anxiety, and restricted freedom of movement (RFoM), referring to individual's engagement in restricting behavioral strategies for staying safe in one's everyday life. The unique impact of two common victimization contexts was assessed, SH by peers in school and SH online, as well as the moderating effect of gender. Cross-sectional data from 1,522 13 to 16-year-old Swedish adolescents was analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results from a moderated mediation model showed significant direct associations between SH victimization and elevated anxiety (online for boys and offline for girls), and between SH victimization and RFoM behaviors (offline for boys and online for girls). Indirect associations were found between SH victimization and adolescents' RFoM behaviors, via the mediation of anxiety for offline forms of SH in adolescent girls and for online forms of SH for adolescent boys. These novel findings suggest that SH victimization is linked to adolescents' anxiety and restricting freedom behaviors, but that both gender and context matter in predicting these interrelations.

Violence or sexual harassment is a problem that is quite serious and often occurs socially. In this case, it usually occurs in a problem that is complex. The rise of news on social media related to sexual violence experienced by some people is enough to shock the public. Most cases of sexual violence are experienced by a woman who is the victim. Cases of violence or sexual harassment against women are still an iceberg phenomenon. This is because many women who are victims of sexual harassment are reluctant to report what they have experienced. Violence or sexual harassment that occurs to women is often blamed on the way they dress. In fact, if you look at clothes, it is not one of the main causes of women becoming victims of sexual harassment. Violence or sexual harassment that occurs never looks at any clothes, in fact often the victim of sexual harassment is a woman who wears closed clothes. In addition, violence or sexual harassment can also be caused by a patriarchal culture that dominates and seems to justify the action. Where in patriarchal culture itself men are often considered more dominant and have a higher position than women. Therefore, men feel they have more power over women and can act as they please. Until now, patriarchal culture is still developing in society. Even though this shouldn't have been done. Therefore, there is a need for radical feminism with the aim of making changes in society and obtaining equality between men and women, especially in obtaining equal rights in society from a social and economic point of view.

This study aims to investigate representations of sexual harassment victims in English-based Indonesian online news and reveal the underlying ideology behind the representation. This study uses critical discourse analysis with Fairclough’s framework. Halliday’s systemic functional grammar is applied in terms of the transitivity process. Data were news articles published in Tempo.co, The Jakarta Post and Antara. The data were analyzed using Eggins’ transitivity analysis keywords and then classified based on the transitivity process. The result shows that there are 88 transitivity processes consisting of 44 material processes, 26 verbal, ten relational attributive, one relational identifying, four mental and three existential processes. The behavioral process is not found in news articles. All English-based Indonesian online news represents sexual harassment victims positively. All news agencies represent that sexual harassment cases are not handled properly. This representation shows that all online news agencies support the ideology of gender equality and feminism at a varied rate. Tempo.co are less clear in showing their partiality. The news agencies are clear enough in showing their partiality to the sexual harassment victim. However, all of the online news agencies still represent the victim as a powerless object towards the perpetrator’s actions. However, there are misjudgments about the victim presented by The Jakarta Post and misrepresentation represented by Tempo.co and Antara. This implies that English-based Indonesian online news agencies still contain a patriarchal culture in their news reports.

Sexual harassment is an abuse of power from male sexuality, so that harassment can occur because it starts from a position that places the throne of men higher than women, crimes against women often experience unfair treatment and violations of their rights. This sexual crime does not only take place in the private room, the family environment, the playing environment, the office environment, or the company. But it can also happen in a college environment. The formulation of the problem in this paper is first, whether victims of sexual harassment in a university environment can get legal protection. And second, what is the form of legal protection for victims of sexual harassment in universities. The purpose of the study was to find out how the legal protection of victims of sexual harassment in the university environment is and also to analyze the forms of legal protection that are reviewed in Permendikbud Number 30 of 2021. The research method used is normative juridical research. With the presence of Permendikbud Number 30 of 2021, there is no longer any reason for universities not to prevent and handle sexual violence. The reason for the issuance of this regulation is because the cases of sexual harassment in universities are becoming more and more disturbing. If sexual harassment is not prevented then what will be the fate of human civilization, because the source of its civilization itself is not given protection and handling, how can justice be fully served if the victims of these crimes are instead blamed.

Sexual harassment is unwanted sexual behavior or attention that disrupts a person’s life. Sexual harassment has many impacts, especially on the mental state of victims of sexual harassment. The psychological impacts experienced by victims of sexual harassment can be depression, panic, loss of motivation and many others. Not only the psychological impacts that will be experienced by victims of sexual harassment, there are also social impacts where the victim will be judged badly by the community around him. The purpose of writing this journal is to find out what impacts will be experienced by victims of sexual harassment and to find out what protections are obtained by victims of sexual harassment. This journal writing uses the normative juridical method. Sexual harassment has become an issue that often occurs in society, especially cat calling which is considered commonplace but is actually a violation of moral values ​​that makes the victim uncomfortable and experiences a verbal impact in the form of taunting whistles to the victim of catcalling.

Sexual harassment is a form of sexual violence and is classified as a serious crime. This is due to the impact of sexual harassment which can threaten and endanger the life of the victim. Seeing the impact that is the result of sexual harassment, it is necessary to protect victims of sexual harassment from several parties such as the government, institutions, families, and communities. In addition, there is a need for legal protection that is binding on victims of sexual harassment. This study aims to conduct a juridical review of legal protection for victims of sexual harassment as a form of state responsibility. The research method used is a normative approach with a normative legal research design. The data used are secondary data derived from important documents and literature related to the research topic. The results of this study are that there is already legal protection for victims of sexual harassment in Indonesia which is a form of state responsibility, namely Articles 5 6 of Law Number 31 of 2014 concerning amendments to Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims. , Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, and Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights. This is also supported by the activeness of victim protection institutions that assist in the protection of victims of sexual harassment. The urgency of establishing legal protection for victims is to prevent and provide solutions to the impacts felt by victims of sexual harassment.

Students who are bullied are often shunned and isolated, so that victims of sexual harassment tend to adopt negative coping strategies, such as skipping class, violating school rules, being individual, then falling into promiscuity to avoid sexual harassment. Sexual harassment that is considered normal will unconsciously cause negative views on child victims, including depression, lazy learning, frequent truancy, neglect and rejection by the surrounding environment. In addition, victims did not respond or take a firm stance against sexual harassment. This type of research is qualitative research using case study research methods. According to Nawawi, case study data can be obtained from all parties concerned. In other words, the data in this study was collected from various sources. Based on an analysis of the results of research conducted by researchers at SMP Negeri 1 Karangsembung regarding the implementation of individual counseling services to deal with victims of verbal sexual harassment, students at SMP Negeri 1 Karangsembung Cirebon, there are forms of verbal sexual harassment that are mild, moderate, even severe. The mild form of harassment is often teased by friends, while the moderate form of harassment is whistling and the heavy form is mocking animals. Occurred for 4 consecutive months experienced by victims of ZAB, CA and PAR. So that they experience mild harassment, namely being insecure with their peers, and moderate harassment becomes negative thinking and lack of confidence, while severe harassment is experiencing mental trauma and then the solution for the counseling teacher is to carry out individual counseling with reality techniques. Conclusion, The changes seen after individual counseling with reality techniques for victims of verbal sexual harassment at Karangsembung State Middle School,. Although individual counseling services with reality techniques carried out by researchers are good services for students. It is proven that there are changes that occur for students in class. Although these changes have not been significant for victims of verbal sexual harassment, dynamic changes have occurred. Previously, ZAB, CA and PAR were students who were traumatized by acts of verbal sexual harassment against them. ZAB, CA and PAR are now able to recover from their trauma and are willing to hang out with their friends. Even in a learning class, they have started to be active and can follow the lesson well.

Introduction: Sexual harassment is any action carried out with unilateral consent, the impact of which can cause psychological changes to the victims. Sexual harassment is often directed at women. One of the psychological effects for victims of sexual harassment is self-blame (self-blame), and continuous self-blame can hinder an individual's ability to take steps forward and develop oneself to achieve self-improvement (self-improvement). Objective: This study analyzes Self-Improvement in Victims of Sexual Harassment on Social-Media. Method: The Scale of Readiness for Self-improvement (SRSI) is the measuring tool used. The number of research participants was 115 respondents to female victims of sexual harassment on social media. Data analysis was performed using simple correlation and regression analysis. Result and Discussion: The results show that self-improvement for victims of sexual harassment on social media is highly categorized. Conclusion: There is a negative relationship between self-improvement and self-blame

This paper analyzes the meaning of the Supreme Court ruling on sexual harassment sentenced on April 12, 2018, in relation to the Principle of free consideration of evidence under the Civil Procedure Law. The Supreme Court ruling declared, “Sexual harassment cases ought to be resolved with gender sensitivity in striving for gender equality and better understanding of gender discrimination issues (see Article 5(1) of the Framework Act on Gender Equality). In rendering judgment on the instant case, the Supreme Court emphasized that: (a) sexual harassment victims are constantly insecure and afraid that they may be exposed to ‘secondary victimization’ (also known as ‘victim-blaming behavior or practice’) upon having reported the incident and may be subjected to unfavorable treatment or suffer emotional distress; and, as such, (b) a victim remains silent and stays in contact with the offender (if the offender is a boss or holds a higher position), or raises the issue together with other victims after a considerable time has passed, or tends to become passive when giving testimony. As can be seen, readily denying the admissibility of a victim’s statement without sufficiently taking account of the extenuating circumstances of a sexual harassment victim cannot be deemed as establishing proof based on empirical and logical rules in line with the principle of justice and equity.” The Supreme Court ruling is a very meaningful one that can contribute to the realization of gender equality in civil and administrative litigations related to sexual harassment, because the responsibility for proof of sexual harassment in the case of sexual harassment litigation lies with the counterpart of the sexual harassment actor, and in fact the existence of sexual harassment is recognized by the admissibility of a sexual harassment victim’s statement. However, the Supreme Court ruling proclaimed such things as empirical rules without providing any evidence on the special circumstances of victims of sexual harassment. Based on previous research on the attitudes of victims of sexual harassment and secondary damage, the empirical rules declared by the Supreme Court is not wrong. The Supreme Court, however, should have opened a plea to hear the statements of expert references, to have the parties make a plea for them, and then declared in his judgment the empirical rules that was accepted in that plea.

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Is the Personal Grievance Process Adequate?

This study argues that online discourse about female victims of sexual harassment contain stances and stereotypical assumptions that portray negative attitudes towards the victims. Using Martin and White’s Appraisal Theory aided by Lazar’s Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis, it analyses the attitudes and opinions of Nigerian online participants about the victims, and discusses the ideological perceptions about them in order to explicate the nature of discursivity and stance-taking in online discussions on sexual harassment cases in Nigerian Universities. The data comprise 500 readers’ comments on online narrations about sexual harassment in five Nigerian universities downloaded from Nairaland.com . Findings reveal the use of negative affect and judgement expressed towards victims of sexual harassment present them as liars and willing accomplices in the harassment situation. Also, dimensions of ideological perceptions of females portray them as guilty victims whose behaviours and actions instigated the harassment.