WITHDRAWN: Trace determination of morphine and codeine in whole blood samples using pH-switchable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents based liquid phase microextraction followed by HPLC-UV.

pH-switchable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction for detecting morphine and codeine in whole blood samples followed by HPLC-UV

This study introduces a method for vortex-assisted liquid phase microextraction (VALPME) using deep eutectic solvents (DESs), characterised by its sensitivity, simplicity, safety, and eco-friendliness. By employing the presented method and particular digestion process, the levels of As(III), As(V), total inorganic arsenic (t-iAs), total organic arsenic (t-oAs), and total arsenic (t-As) were quantified in rice samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS). Five DESs were created using thymol, vanillin, acetic acid, octanoic acid, and decanoic acid, which served as extraction solvents. The findings indicated that the DES formed from thymol and decanoic acid in a 1:1 molar ratio exhibited the highest efficiency for extracting complexed arsenic ions. Under optimal conditions, a strong linear relationship was achieved, indicated by a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.991, along with an acceptable linear range spanning from 0.2 to 200 µg kg− 1. The detection limit was established at 0.07 µg kg− 1 (S/N = 3), with a significant enrichment factor (EF = 172) and enhancement factor (258) achieved. Relative standard deviations (RSDs), which encompass both inter-day and intra-day variations, were observed to range between 4.1% and 6.3% across the three concentrations analysed. To assess the reliability of the procedure, a certified reference material (CRM) alongside five rice samples that were spiked with two distinct concentration levels of As(III) and As(V) were analysed.

Steroid hormones, such as estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17β-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estriol (E3) are a group of lipophilic active substances, synthesized biologically from cholesterol or chemically. A pH-switchable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (DES-LPME) technique was established and combined with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy for the determination of estrogenic compounds in environmental water and wastewater samples. A DES was synthesized using l-menthol as HBA and (1S)-(+)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid (CSA) as HBD, and used as a green extraction solvent. By adjusting the pH of the solution, the unique behavior of the DES in the phase transition and extraction of the desired analytes was investigated. The homogenization process of the mixture is done only by manual shaking in less than 30 seconds and the phase separation is done only by changing the pH and without centrifugation. Some effective parameters on the extraction and derivatization, such as molar ratio of DES components, DES volume, KOH concentration, HCl volume, salt addition, extraction and derivatization time and derivatization prior or after extraction were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, relative standard deviation (RSD) values for intra-day and inter-day of the method based on 7 replicate measurements of 20 ng L−1 of estrogenic compounds and 10 ng L−1 for internal standard in different samples were in the range of 2.2–4.6% and 3.9–5.7%, respectively. The calibration graphs were linear in the range of 0.5–100 ng L−1 and the limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.2–1.0 ng L−1. The relative recoveries of environmental water and wastewater samples which have been spiked with different levels of target compounds were 91.0–108.8%.

Evaluation of sonication energy effect on in-situ synthesis of deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction process was performed in fresh fruit samples for extraction of five neonicotinoids insecticide including clothianidin, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid. A suitable amount of choline chloride was dissolved in sample solution and it was poured into a glass narrow-bore tube. Then, a sodium chloride tablet was taken and a few microlitres of hexanoic acid were penetrated into the tablet and it was released into the tube. The narrow–bore tube was located into an ultrasonic bath at controlled frequency and power. The sodium chloride tablet started to dissolve and hexanoic acid was released into the solution and hydrogen bonding was correlated between the ChCl and hexanoic acid. The formed deep eutectic solvent went up through the sample solution and analytes were extracted into the ChCl: hexanoic acid DES. Validation parameters were calculated and low limits of detection (0.04–0.31 ng mL–1) and quantification (0.13–1.03 ng mL–1), high enrichment factors (1280–1780) and extraction recoveries (64–89%), and acceptable precision (RSD ≤7.2%) were obtained. Lastly, the procedure was done on some fresh fruit samples imidacloprid and acetamiprid were detected on some samples.

An accurate, simple and eco-friendly method was presented by liquid phase microextraction using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) for its preconcentration before performing spectrophotometric analysis of Sudan IV. To extract Sudan IV at pH 4.0 deep eutectic solvent prepared using a mixture of tetrabutylammonium bromide and 1-octanol in a ratio of 1:2 was used. The preconcentration factor was 62.5 and the limit of detection was 7.5 µg L-1. Addition/recovery tests demonstrated the validity of the method. The method presented appears to applicable for determining Sudan IV in water, food and cosmetics samples.

A method for determination of Brown HT with UV-Vis spectrophotometer after separation and preconcentration by deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction was developed. Tetrabutylammonium bromide and decanoic acid were used to get deep eutectic solvent. Important analytical parameters effective on the method were optimised such parameters are deep eutectic solvent type and volume, sample volume, matrix effects and tetrahydrofuran volume. Brown HT in the model solution was quantitatively extracted at the pH 4.0 to the deep eutectic solvent phase. In this study, the limit of detection (LOD) value and preconcentration factor were found to be 0.23 μg mL−1 and 37.5, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of Brown HT content of cake, artificial urine and water samples.

Medium/long-chain fatty acids/alcohols as hydrogen bond donors coupled with methyltrioctylammonium chloride were used to prepare hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) that were employed for the extraction of the anthraquinones (rhein, emodin, and chrysophanol) from fetal bovine serum. Hydrophobic DES-based liquid-phase microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography were developed. The most suitable combination was optimized for liquid-phase microextraction. Spiked fetal bovine serum was analyzed with satisfactory extraction recoveries.

A new deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (DES-LPME) method was developed and used to separate and enrich Carmoisine (E122). The deep eutectic solvent containing tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) and decanoic acid (DA) was prepared and employed with multivariate statistical design for the optimization of the spectrophotometric analysis conditions to determine carmoisine in the extractant phase. The optimized limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and preconcentration factor were 3.3 µg L−1, 11.1 µg L−1, and 10, respectively. The advantages of this approach are low solvent consumption and rapid analysis. The method analyzed candy and water samples with recoveries from 94% to 108%.

Natural deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction in a 3D-Printed millifluidic flow cell for the on-line determination of thiabendazole in juice samples.

An effervescence-assisted switchable deep eutectic solvent based liquid-phase microextraction of triazole fungicides in drinking water and beverage

Determination of lead in milk samples using vortex assisted deep eutectic solvent based liquid phase microextraction-slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry system

Herein, an eco-friendly, simple, and inexpensive procedure was developed using vortex-assisted combined with deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (VA-LPME-DES) followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. In the present procedure, DES was first synthesized from the combination of l-menthol and (1S)-(+)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid (CSA) in a molar ratio of 5:1, and then it was used as a green and safe extractant instead of common toxic organic solvents. The ability of the presented method was applied for the separation and preconcentration of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) in herbal medicines. After optimizing all the parameters of the experiment, the linear ranges were 0.10–200 µg kg−1 with coefficient of determination (r 2) better than 0.985. The limits of detection were in the ranges of 0.03–0.15 µg kg−1. Relative standard deviation values for intra-day and inter-day of the method based on 7 replicate measurements were in the range of 1.8%–3.6% and 3.1%–7.3%, respectively. The relative recoveries of herbal medicines which have been spiked with different concentrations of metal ions were 91.5%–109.8%. The method was successfully used to analyze the heavy and toxic metals in herbal medicine samples.

Determination of Trace Nickel in Spinach Samples Using the Combination of Vortex-assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent-based Liquid Phase Microextraction and Slotted Quartz Tube - Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

The analytical method of PPCPs in fish oil was first developed based on the green solvent DES.

Simultaneous extraction and derivatization of biogenic amines during in-situ deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase extraction from Doogh samples prior to HPLC analysis