Wireless EEG-fNIRS Fusion Signal Acquisition System for Depth of Anesthesia Monitoring

The paper presents the proposed wireless brain signal acquisition circuits f or body sensor network. Considering the power-efficient communication in the body sensor network, the required low-power analog integrated circuits (ICs) are developed for a wireless brain signal acquisition system. To acquire the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal, this paper proposes an analog front-end (AFE) circuit, including only one low-noise amplifier with chopping techniques and one high-pass sigma-delta modulator (HPSDM), which can be applied as a sensing circuit for EEG signal acquisition systems. To transmit the EEG signal through wireless communication, a quadrature CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator and a 2.4 GHz direct-conversion transmitter with a power amplifier and up-conversion mixer are al so developed. In the receiver, a 2 .4 GHz fully integrated CMOS radio-frequency front-end is also implemented. The circuits have been implemented to fit the specifications of the IEEE 802.15.4 2.4 GHz standard. The low-power ICs of the wireless EEG acquisition systems have been fabricated using a 0.18 µm TSMC CMOS standard process. The measured results reveal that the proposed low-power analog front-end ICs can be used for the wireless brain signal acquisition.

We propose different fronthaul systems for facilitating future mobile networks based on the seamless convergence of fiber-optic and wireless systems in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands. First, a flexible and high-performance wireless fronthaul system is proposed through an encapsulation of radio signals onto a converged fiber–mmWave system. A simultaneous transmission of three radio signals over the system is successfully demonstrated. Second, a high-performance optical self-heterodyne system is proposed and demonstrated for the generation and transmission of radio access signals in high-frequency bands. Third, a high-spectral-efficiency optical fronthaul system for the simultaneous transmission of multiple radio signals in different frequency bands is proposed using a subcarrier-multiplexing intermediate-frequency-over-fiber system. Satisfactory performance is experimentally confirmed for the transmission of three different radio signals in the microwave and low- and high-mmWave bands. The proposed systems can overcome the challenges and bottlenecks of the current mobile fronthaul systems and can be useful in different usage scenarios of 5G and beyond networks.

In modern world the allocation of radio frequency resources is tightly controlled by government agencies for the high-quality performance of various radio communication, radar and radio navigation systems, which operate in the interests of various services. Thanks to modern radio means it is possible to provide communication, regardless of the geographical location of correspondents.While setting up new radio communication systems, searching for new sources of radio emission and monitoring of existing radio emitting means, the question is often arisen while calculating the probability of detecting a certain radio signal by the existing equipment with some certain technical characteristics.The purpose of the proposed article is to calculate the probability of radio signals detection depending on the technical characteristics of the radio monitoring means during the search, subject to the radio signal frequency is within the search range and the energy parameters of the signal are sufficient enough to detect it.The existing approaches are analyzed while determining the probability of radio signals detection in radio networks (point-to-point radio nets) at a certain frequency and time characteristics of radio receiving devices. In addition, a scientific and methodological apparatus is proposed, which should be used when planning the search objectives for new sources of radio emission. As a result of research, probability dependence of radio signals detection based on the frequency-time characteristics of the radio receiving device was established.In addition, the graphs of probability dependence of radio signals detection based on time characteristics of the radio receiving device were presented, which are created in accordance with the proposed scientific and methodological apparatus and using ''Mathcad 14.0'' software, as well as determined ways to increase the probability of radio signal detection. In particular, to increase the probability of radio signals detection it is necessary to reduce the frequency search range and time characteristics of the technical processes of the radio receiving device. In addition, it is advisable to consider the possibility of increasing the search time of a signal and the bandwidth of a radio receiving device.The scientific and methodical apparatus described in the article can be used during research of priori results of the search for new sources of radio emission by a certain equipment composition with certain technical characteristics.

The demand for bandwidth in mobile communication has been increasing exponentially day by day as the number of users has increased dramatically over the last five years. As an outcome, upcoming wireless communication systems should meet more stringent criteria in order to satisfy customers. Existing wireless systems could only transmit data at a few megabits per second. On the other hand, mm Wave and optical fiber technology have always had the possibility to supply data capacity on the order of Mbps as well as Tbps, respectively. As an outcome, the specifications of such a broadband wireless system could be met by integrating optical fibre and millimeter wave wireless systems. Due to substantial changes in the radio signal, the uplink is greatly hampered. This research establishes the best estimate and subsequent equalization algorithm again for the Fi-Wi CDMA uplink The equalization is carried out using an innovative Hammerstein category decision feedback equalizer that takes advantage of the properties of PN sequences. This study considers multipath dispersion, nonlinear distortion, noise, and multiuser interference. The correlation characteristics of white-noise similar PN sequences allow for decoupling of both the wireless as well as optical 14channel parts. In addition, we present a novel approach for mitigating MAI. Simulations of the BER reveal that this technique leaves only a modest amount of residual MAI. Furthermore, power allocation is used to improve CDMA 5G network performance by boosting the signal to noise ratio.

An underground radio communications system has been developed and installed in the Deer Creek Coal Mine near Huntington, Utah. The minewide radio communications system provides emergency communications to mine personnel working along the face, belt lines, man and material entries, returns and designated escapeways. The system also provides quick communications between the surface monitoring center and key personnel throughout the mining complex. The radio system utilizes two robust radio signal propagation modes to provide communications throughout the mine. In the first mode, low-conductivity seams of coal, trona, potash, quartzite and gilsonite surrounded by more conductive rock layers form natural waveguides for low-attenuation-rate transmission of radio signals. In the second mode, conductors, AC power distribution cable, conveyer belt structures, steel pipe, rail, etc. form low-attenuation-rate waveguides for distribution of radio signals. The entire radio system meets intrinsic safety requirements and is composed of three basic elements: a base unit (with remote audio capability), transceivers (with different housings which are specific to the application), and repeaters. >

The primary quality indicator of global satellite and local radio navigation systems is the positioning accuracy they provide. This is determined by the measurement errors of the radio navigation parameters, i.e. the radio signal parameters that carry information about the coordinates or speed of an object. The design of the radio navigation system dictates the inclusion of certain parameters within the radio navigation signals. These include the time, frequency or phase shift of the oscillations of the received signal relative to the reference signal, the angle between the direction to the object and the reference direction, the Doppler shift of the frequency and other relevant variables. Based on the Rao-Kramer inequality, the measurement errors of radio navigation parameters are inversely proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio at the input of the navigation receiver of consumer navigation equipment. The development of noise-immune navigation equipment for consumers has necessitated the implementation of filtering methods at the input of the navigation receiver. These methods are designed to segregate a useful signal from the mixture of noise and interference, thereby enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and, consequently, the accuracy of positioning. The radio navigation parameters at the receiver input, influenced by the radio wave propagation medium, thermal and atmospheric noise, can be modeled as random processes. The dynamic models of random processes are described through their representation in the form of stochastic differential equations. Stochastic differential equations have been synthesized for different types of random processes, which include a uniform distribution to represent the time delay of the radio navigation signal, a Gaussian and uniform distribution for the Doppler frequency shift, and a Gaussian, uniform and von Mises-Tikhonov distribution for the phase of the radio signal. The coefficients of stochastic differential equations that describe dynamic non-stationary models are determined for all types of random process distributions. The equation of state models of noise at the input of navigation receivers are represented by white Gaussian and non-white noise. Linear and nonlinear filtering algorithms are synthesized for stochastic differential equations of state of radio navigation signal parameters and models of the equation of state of signals at the input of receivers.

Scalp electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used to study human electrophysiological activity noninvasively. With the gradual improvement of the quality of the multi-channel bioelectric signal acquisition device, the volume and power consumption are gradually reduced, which makes it suitable for portable and wearable application. To ensure sufficient signal gain and acquisition accuracy, it is a huge challenge to effectively suppress external interference and obtain a better bioelectric signal. This paper presents a new kind of wireless EEG signal real-time analysis and acquisition system. The system can be wearable at home environment and wirelessly send the real-time EEG signal to the host. The results show that the system can collect EEG signal robustly. The noise of the test system is reduced by 60% through the design of the isolated circuit. The software algorithm also enables the ability to perform basic analysis of biological signals by using Python digital signal processing module. The system provides a new safety platform for human-machine interfacing, rehabilitation and mental disease monitoring at home.

CATV equipment is being used for boosting radio signals in 155 mHz mobile systems in Canada and in a 380 mHz system in Saudi Arabia. Recently, CATV line extender amplifiers with passband frequency response beyond 500 mHz have become available and are suitable for boosting VHF and UHF radio signals. Several UHF radio signal booster systems have been installed and are operating in cargo containerships. Economical radio signal booster systems can be constructed using cavity filters for selectivity, CATV line extender amplifiers for amplifying the radio signals, and inexpensive CATV cable for transmission lines with pressure taps attached to feed distributed antennas. CATV equipment is very reliable, the enclosures are gasketed to exclude dust and moisture, power for the amplifiers is carried by the coaxial cable, the equipment is mass produced and it is inexpensive. The amplifiers can be readily type accepted to comply with FCC Rules and Regulations.

Introduction. The effectiveness of the theoretical results of optimal spatial processing ot-wo radio signals at the receiving side of wireless communication system with two radio sig-nals which operating simultaneously on the same frequency and same polarization using the curvature of the electromagnetic waves phase front produced on the basis of analysis of at-tenuation signal coefficient, interference rate suppression and signal-to-noise ratio are shown. Formulation of the problem Initial data and wireless communication system configura-tion for research are described. Simulation results. Signal-of-interest attenuation index and signal-to-interference plus noise parameter calculation for sparse linear antenna array (SLAA) are presented. Conclusions. There is relationship between parameters of transmit and receive SLAA for optimal spatial signal processing in the wireless communication system.

In recent years, because of the popularity of the computer, more and more people use the computer every day. For people usually forgetting that they need to take a rest during long time of using computer, they made themself in the fatigued state. The fatigued state could be evaluated by electrocardiogram(ECG). This article developed wireless ECG signal measurement and acquisition system. The system integrates ECG signal acquisition and bluetooth modules and the National Instruments LabVIEW software.ECG signal can be analysed to obtain heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) , respiratory rhythm, the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic of autonomic nervous system. This system uses the wireless transmission technology of the Bluetooth to connect with computer. Therefore, the system can record the ECG signal of user while he using the computer or walking free around the computer. National Instruments LabVIEW analyses the physiological signal, displays and stores data in the computer. User can operate the system for monitoring his physiological signal and understanding his health very easily.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an effective technique to mitigate the global climate change by storing the CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> underground permanently. Therefore, the techniques to monitoring the CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> sequestration status and the potential leakage are crucial. In this paper, a novel real-time underground monitoring and wireless communication system has been developed. The system will include an array of toroidal transceivers winding around the highly conductive casing string for wireless data transfer between surface and deep subsurface, and energized casing technique is utilized to charge the toroidal transceivers and subsurface sensors. This novel wireless telemetry system will help to maintain well integrity and reduce potential leakage by eliminating the needs for perforated casing or an umbilical in the cement annulus since no direct path of fluid leakage is induced by this wireless system. The wireless signal and energy transfer rate are both enhanced significantly by the metal casing amplification. The available bandwidth and the corresponded channel capacity are calculated based on numerical simulation.

Chapter 21 - Advances in 1–100 GHz Microwave Photonics: All-Band Optical Wireless Access Networks Using Radio Over Fiber Technologies

A PZT-based smart aggregate (SA) is capable of full process stress monitoring during earthquakes. A wired seismic monitoring system is prone to failure during earthquakes. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to use the wireless monitoring technique in the SA-based monitoring system. In this paper, the SA is integrated with the ZigBee wireless network which consists of a charge-to-voltage converter, a microprocessing unit, a wireless transmission unit, a base station, and a host computer. The dynamic loading scheme is applied on the SA and the output signal is measured by the wireless system and the wired system in parallel. The performance of the proposed wireless monitoring system is validated by comparing the wired and wireless signals. It is anticipated that this research will demonstrate the potential of using wireless monitoring systems for full damage process monitoring of concrete structures.

A design of wireless pulse signal acquisition system for status monitoring of ship navigators has been presented. The system employs STC12LE5608AD as controller for timing acquisition of the pulse signal. And then the data are written to the register of CC2500 via SPI interface and transmitted. When the receiver takes the data, the MCU reads the data from the receiver register of CC2500. Finally the MCU send the data to computer via UART for display and further processing. Wireless transmission insures that the system can analyze the degree of navigators' fatigue objectively and quantifiably without affecting their operation of the ship. The system serves as a warning for fatigue navigation. This system has advantages of low power consumption and portability. It has the practical value of safe navigation of ships.

The paper considers a five-level model of a cognitive radio communication system. It was revealed that the value of the influence of natural factors and the effects of the enemy is comparable, but several times less than the state of the radio communication system. The observer’s device and the regulator are important for the effective transmission of information and the controlled process and the internal state of the information transmission system are less important. The goal of reducing the number of errors in the transmission of information and increasing the speed of information transmission are important for the effective transmission of information, in comparison with a reduction in the computational load on the formation of signal-code structures and a decrease energy used for transmission. The highest efficiency of the radio system can be achieved through the use of optimal signal processing algorithms, and high power of the transmitted signal. High speed of information transmission will not give a tangible effect when transmitting information in difficult conditions without the necessary power of the radio link and signal processing algorithms.