Abstract
A long‐span sports centre generally comprises multiple stadiums and gymnasiums, for which mutual interference effects of wind‐induced snow motion are not explicitly included in the specifications of various countries. This problem is addressed herein by performing wind tunnel tests and numerical simulations to investigate the snow distribution and mutual interference effect on the roofs of long‐span stadiums and gymnasiums. The wind tunnel tests were used to analyse the influences of the opening direction (0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°) and spacing (0.3 L, 0.5 L, 1 L, 1.5 L, 2 L, and 2.5 L, where L is the gymnasium span) of the stadium and gymnasium. The wind tunnel tests and numerical simulations were used to analyse the influence of the wind direction angle (from 0° to 315°, there are a total of eight groups in 45° intervals). The following results were obtained. The stadium opening had a significant effect on the snow distribution on the surface of the two structures. An even snow distribution was obtained when the stadium opened directly facing the gymnasium, which corresponded to the safest condition for the structures’ surfaces. As the spacing between the buildings increased, the interference effect between the two structures was reduced. The interference was negligible for a spacing of 2 L. The stadium had the most significant amplification interference effect on the gymnasium for a wind direction angle of 45°, which was extremely unfavourable to the safety of the structure. The most favourable wind direction angle was 270°, where there were both amplification interference and blockage interference.
Highlights
A continuous increase in the scale of sporting events and improved living standards has led to a gradual increase in the number of sports centres that consist of long-span gymnasiums and long-span stadiums. is combination offers a wider range of functionalities and more open space and can better fulfill people’s needs. ere are openings on the surface or the main body of many stadiums, such as the Munich Olympic Stadium, the London Olympic Stadium, and the Shanghai Stadium. ese buildings have sensitive structures, and the pressure gradient at the building opening drives complex wind flows that affect the trajectory of snow, resulting in uneven snow distribution. e blockage effect from two buildings produces complex wind-induced snow motion between the buildings
Based on the abovementioned figures, it can be concluded that the amplification interference effect under the 45° wind direction angle was serious, which was extremely unfavourable to the roof’s stability, while the 270° wind direction angle was the most beneficial to structural safety. is conclusion was consistent with the results of the wind tunnel tests under different wind direction angles
Wind tunnel tests were conducted to study the influence of the direction of a stadium opening and the spacing, as well as the wind angle between the stadium and gymnasium on the snow distribution on the structures’ surfaces
Summary
A continuous increase in the scale of sporting events and improved living standards has led to a gradual increase in the number of sports centres that consist of long-span gymnasiums and long-span stadiums. is combination offers a wider range of functionalities and more open space and can better fulfill people’s needs. ere are openings on the surface or the main body of many stadiums, such as the Munich Olympic Stadium, the London Olympic Stadium, and the Shanghai Stadium. ese buildings have sensitive structures, and the pressure gradient at the building opening drives complex wind flows that affect the trajectory of snow, resulting in uneven snow distribution. e blockage effect from two buildings produces complex wind-induced snow motion between the buildings. There is currently no explicit standard for mutual interference effects in the codes of various countries To address this problem, we used the sports centre in Huludao, China, as a case study to investigate the snow distribution on structure surfaces. Wind tunnel tests and numerical simulations were used to determine the mutual interference effects of the two buildings and to predict the snow distribution on the surfaces of buildings with openings. Zhou et al [16, 17] studied the snow distribution law of the surface area of flat roofs with different span-to-height ratios under different wind speeds and blowing times and considered the relationship between the particle mass transport rate and the transport volume. Qiang et al [19] conducted snow tests on flat roofs in a low-temperature wind tunnel environment and simulated the real snowfall process, including during snowfall and after snowfall, and put forward a formula to calculate the snow transport rate
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