Abstract
Wind-related disasters will bring more devastating consequences to cities in the future with a changing climate, but relevant studies have so far provided insufficient information to guide adaptation actions. This study aims to provide an in-depth elaboration of the contents discussed in open access literature regarding wind disaster adaptation in cities. We used the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to refine topics and main contents based on 232 publications (1900 to 2019) extracted from Web of Science and Scopus. We conducted a full-text analysis to filter out focal cities along with their adaptation measures. The results show that wind disaster adaptation research in cities has formed a systematic framework in four aspects: 1) vulnerability and resilience of cities, 2) damage evaluation, 3) response and recovery, and 4) health impacts of wind disaster. Climate change is the background for many articles discussing vulnerability and adaptation in coastal areas. It is also embedded in damage evaluation since it has the potential to exacerbate disaster consequences. The literature is strongly inclined towards more developed cities such as New York City and New Orleans, among which New York City associated with Hurricane Sandy ranks first (38/232). Studies on New York City cover all the aspects, including the health impacts of wind disasters which are significantly less studied now. Distinct differences do exist in the number of measures regarding the adaptation categories and their subcategories. We also find that hard adaptation measures (i.e., structural and physical measures) are far more popular than soft adaptation measures (i.e., social and institutional measures). Our findings suggest that policymakers should pay more attention to cities that have experienced major wind disasters other than New York. They should embrace the up-to-date climate change study to defend short-term disasters and take precautions against long-term changes. They should also develop hard-soft hybrid adaptation measures, with special attention on the soft side, and enhance the health impact study of wind-related disasters.
Highlights
As one of the world’s principal natural disaster types, wind disasters contribute to huge economic losses and human casualties [1]
We aim to address the following questions in the field of wind adaptation in cities: What are the major topics, aspects, and contents discussed in literature? What are the focal cities that are most often studied? What kinds of wind adaptation measures are often suggested or adopted? Has climate change been incorporated into wind adaptation? According to the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), an increasing number of cities
We subjectively summarized the contents of topics according to stemmed words from Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) (Table 1)
Summary
As one of the world’s principal natural disaster types, wind disasters contribute to huge economic losses and human casualties [1]. It is demonstrated that proper adaptation measures are cost-effective in decreasing storm damages in the long-term [10, 11]. It is estimated that global damage from tropical cyclones with climate change will be doubled in 2100 compared with the baseline scenario, concentrating in North America, the Caribbean region, and East Asia [20]. The reliability of these projections remains in doubt. Cities should take wind disasters as natural disasters when planning adaptation measures They should realize their potential to go beyond natural variability in the context of climate change
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