Wide bandgap donor-acceptor conjugated polymers with alkylthiophene as side chains for high-performance non-fullerene polymer solar cells

Abstract

Abstract Four wide bandgap donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers, i.e. P-diF2T, P-TT, P-BDT and P-NDT, with bis(5-(2-decyltetradecyl)-[2,3′-bithiophen]-2′-yl)arylenes as D-units and 2-propyl-5,6-difluorobenzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (ffTAZ) as A unit were synthesized for photovoltaic applications. In P-diF2T, P-TT, P-BDT and P-NDT, 3,3′-difluoro-2,2′-bithiophene (diF2T), thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TT), benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) and naphtho[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (NDT) were used as aryl central units, respectively, to adjust the properties of the polymers. The optical bandgap is 1.83 eV for P-diF2T, 1.85 eV for P-TT, 1.90 eV for P-BDT and 2.04 eV for P-NDT. All four polymers show temperature-dependent aggregation behavior in solution, and their absorption spectra are complementary with that of non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(5-hexylthiophen-2-yl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene (ITIC-Th). Polymer solar cells (PSCs) based on these polymers and ITIC-Th were fabricated and characterized. Power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) higher than 7% were demonstrated for all polymers. The devices based on P-diF2T exhibited the highest PCE up to 10.08% with a high fill factor (FF) of 0.741. The good photovoltaic performance of P-diF2T is attributed to the synergies of the low-lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the polymer and the favorable microstructures and morphology and thereby high and balanced charge carrier mobilities of the blend films. This study suggested that adjusting aromatic D units together with using alkylthiophene as side chains is an effective approach to design donor polymers for high performance PSCs based on NFA.