Abstract
Honey bees (Apis sp.) are the only known bee genus that uses nest-based communication to provide nest-mates with information about the location of resources, the so-called “dance language.” Successful foragers perform waggle dances for high quality food sources and suitable nest-sites during swarming. However, since many species of social insects do not communicate the location of resources to their nest-mates, the question of why the dance language evolved is of ongoing interest. We review recent theoretical and empirical research into the ecological circumstances that make dance communication beneficial in present day environments. This research suggests that the “dance language” is most beneficial when food sources differ greatly in quality and are hard to find. The dances of extant honey bee species differ in important ways, and phylogenetic studies suggest an increase in dance complexity over time: species with the least complex dance were the first to appear and species with the most complex dance are the most derived. We review the fossil record of honey bees and speculate about the time and context (foraging vs. swarming) in which spatially referential dance communication might have evolved. We conclude that there are few certainties about when the “dance language” first appeared; dance communication could be older than 40 million years and, thus, predate the genus Apis, or it could be as recent as 20 million years when extant honey bee species diverged during the early Miocene. The most parsimonious scenario assumes it evolved in a sub-tropical to temperate climate, with patchy vegetation somewhere in Eurasia.
Highlights
In 1973, the Austrian scientist Karl von Frisch was awarded the Nobel Prize for his research on the honey bee waggle dance (Von Frisch, 1967)
It is usually thought that dancing is most beneficial when resource patches are ephemeral (Sherman and Visscher, 2002; Grüter and Ratnieks, 2011), but Schürch and Grüter’s results suggested spatial information helps most when food sources are stable for longer periods of time because successful recruitment events lead to long-term benefits through individual memory (Schürch and Grüter, 2014)
A combination of theoretical and empirical studies has increased our understanding of why present day honey bees dance to indicate the location of valuable resources
Summary
In 1973, the Austrian scientist Karl von Frisch was awarded the Nobel Prize for his research on the honey bee waggle dance (Von Frisch, 1967) He recognized how this unique form of communication allowed bees to share information on the location of food sources with nest-mates. The evolution of the dance language of the waggle run (for details see Von Frisch, 1967; Riley et al, 2005; Preece and Beekman, 2014) This direction and distance communication ( called “dance language”) is unique to honey bees and will be the focus of this review. In bringing these studies together we hope to offer scenarios about where, when and why the dance language evolved
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