Why Is It Possible for China to Reduce Its Dependence on Land Expropriation? An Analysis on the Land‐Expropriation Kuznets Curve

A study of the impact of military expenditures on economic growth and development examines the differences in the results of previous studies which led to contradictory conclusions. The authors find that these differences are due to sample variations, specificational choices, and the different time periods examined. The data indicate that there is no consistent, statistically significant connection between military spending and economic growth. Augmentation of the models suggests that military expenditures neither help nor hurt economic growth to any significant extent. 2 tables.

The emergence and eventual prevalence of the household responsibility system, which replaces the production team system as the unit of production and income distribution, has brought about dramatic changes in China's rural areas since 1979. This institutional change has resulted in remarkable growth in agricultural productivity.' However, in the literature on collective farms, a theory that is capable of explaining the causes and effects of this change is yet to be developed. The formal theory about collective economies developed so far by Ward, Domar, Sen, Oi and Clayton, Bradley, Maurice and Ferguson, Cameron, Bonin, Chinn, Israelsen, Putterman, and others suggests that the allocation of resources in a collective farm is efficient at least in

In the current context of rapid global urbanization, China’s urbanization is also accelerating, and the rational planning and sustainable use of state land and space have become a growing concern. The expansion of urban geographic space is inevitably accompanied by the massive expropriation of rural land. The research objective of this article is to explore, from a jurisprudence perspective, under what circumstances land expropriation in urbanization has caused special sacrifices to farmers and what compensation standards have been determined by the Chinese courts after the special sacrifices have been caused. To achieve this research objective, the authors first identified the causal relation between the expansion of urbanization and conflicts over land expropriation in China through the empirical analysis method, and found that the expansion of urban geographic space has led to an increase in conflicts over land expropriation and that the land expropriation compensation system is the key to alleviating such conflicts. Secondly, by interpreting and summarizing the compensation standards for land expropriation in China’s legislation texts and judicial judgments through normative analysis, this article finds that the compensation standards for land expropriation currently adopted by the people’s courts of China are pluralistic and conflict with those in the legislation text. This article concludes that if land expropriation in urbanization leads to an infringement of civil liberties which results in a special sacrifice of citizens, such special sacrifice should be justly compensated. To effectively mitigate the conflicts concerning land expropriation in the urbanization process, China should build a unified compensation standard for land expropriation under the guidance of legislative text in the future, achieve a reconciliation between the doctrinal and practical compensation standards for land expropriation, and support the rule of law to guarantee the sustainable development of urbanization.

Land expropriation and peasant resistance in China have been widely noted, but the many cases in which peasants consent to give up land have drawn less attention. This paper conceptualizes and examines an alternative development practice: accumulation without dispossession (AWD), a concept first developed by Gillian Hart and Giovanni Arrighi. AWD may arise if accumulation takes place without (completely) depriving rural producers of the right to assets and benefits. The paper examines multiple forms of AWD and makes two main arguments. First, land expropriation does not necessarily lead to dispossession if peasants are compensated with valuable flats, commercial venues, and/or secure jobs. Due to its positive effects on social equality and livelihood security, AWD may offer an alternative vision in the era of neoliberal dispossession. Second, the outcome of land expropriation in China has varied substantially across space and time. In general, there has been a shift away from AWD in the 1980s following the neoliberal reform in the 1990s, but in the recent decade, there has been some movement back towards AWD due to peasant protests, though only to a limited degree. Nevertheless, the majority of peasants losing land have not received compensation sufficient to sustain a secure livelihood.

The stability and sustainability of economic growth have always been a hot topic of concern in the academic and practical circles around the world. The purpose of this study is to examine the stability and sustainability of China's economic growth. For over 200 economies around the world, ensuring the stability and sustainability of their economic development in the face of sudden and catastrophic events is a great challenge. The COVID-19 epidemic in 2020 is just an emergency to test the economic development of each economy. The method adopted in this study is to observe the economic growth of more than 200 countries and regions in the world in 2020, visually measure the economic growth of each economy after being impacted by the COVID-19 epidemic, and then further explain the reason for the robustness of China's economic growth with the help of shock theory, statistical methods, including variance coefficient, nonlinear econometric model, shock entropy and other quantitative indicators. This study found that although the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on China's economic growth is huge on the whole, the resilience of China's economic growth is significant, and the original trend of economic growth has not changed because of the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic. Its average variance coefficient is only 0.42, and the shock entropy is almost 0. The conclusion is that China's economic development is not only robust, but also sustainable. The practical significance of this study is that the perfect industrial economic structure and the Chinese style COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control model can still maintain the existing track of economic development at a certain cost of economic development, ensuring that the overall trend of economic growth remains strong, which lays a solid foundation for economic and social development after the COVID-19 epidemic.

Opting out of the Legal System: Extralegal Contractual Relations in the Diamond Industry

Summary Cities, contributing more than 75% of global carbon emissions, are at the heart of climate change mitigation. Given cities' heterogeneity, they need specific low-carbon roadmaps instead of one-size-fits-all approaches. Here, we present the most detailed and up-to-date accounts of CO2 emissions for 294 cities in China and examine the extent to which their economic growth was decoupled from emissions. Results show that from 2005 to 2015, only 11% of cities exhibited strong decoupling, whereas 65.6% showed weak decoupling, and 23.4% showed no decoupling. We attribute the economic-emission decoupling in cities to several socioeconomic factors (i.e., structure and size of the economy, emission intensity, and population size) and find that the decline in emission intensity via improvement in production and carbon efficiency (e.g., decarbonizing the energy mix via building a renewable energy system) is the most important one. The experience and status quo of carbon emissions and emission-GDP (gross domestic product) decoupling in Chinese cities may have implications for other developing economies to design low-carbon development pathways.

The fiscal relation between central and local governments is one of the main institutional forms that have affected economic growth of China since its reform and opening up. This article examines its impact on China’s economic growth from the viewpoint of financial budgeting and further analyses the mechanism how economic growth and financial structure of local and central governments influence each other. This article describes the interaction of local and central fiscal entities in China throughout the whole period of its economic growth from 1978 till 2014. Dividing it into the first sub-period (1978–1992), the second (1993–2001) and the third (2002–2014), it explains peculiar features of the relationship between public finance and economic growth in China. In the first period (1978–1992) since the fiscal system of China was designed to strengthen the centralized budgetary control, local governments had to rely much on the extra-budgetary finances. They gained extra-budgetary income from their investment on township enterprises, which also generated economic growth on the local level. In 1993, facing the decline in GDP growth due to the squeeze of the extrabudgetary fund, central government loosened restrictions of the sale of land by local governments to raise extra-budgetary revenues. This provided the local government with new resources, and formed a new mechanism of “land finance” to promote economic growth. This mechanism opened the way to a bubble economy, particularly associated with the rise of land and housing prices, as well as the cost of China’s economy. Thus, the root cause of the present slowdown of China’s economy is not cyclical one, but the institutional structure, mainly the special local/central fiscal relationship and its interaction with economic growth.

Spillover effect of China's economic development on countries along “Maritime Silk Road” – Based on vector auto regression

According to the model of economic growth of criminal elements, quantile regression was employed to study the impact of criminal offenses and educational levels on China's economic growth from 1991 to 2012 in China. The research shows that human capital plays a significant role in promoting economic growth, especially in developed areas; the regional economic growth was affected by changes in the rate of criminal arrest, the effectiveness of criminal policies in different regions is diverse, and the impact on economic growth is various. A criminal policy that suits human capital can provide a stable social circumstance for economic development and spur sustainable economic development.

Previous articleNext article No AccessChoice of Land Tenure in China: The Case of a County with Quasi‐Private Property Rights*James Kai‐sing KungJames Kai‐sing KungHong Kong University of Science and Technology Search for more articles by this author Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 50, Number 4July 2002 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/343135 Views: 138Total views on this site Citations: 29Citations are reported from Crossref © 2002 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Lawrence W.C. LAI, Stephen N.G. DAVIES, K.W. CHAU, Lennon H.T. CHOY, Mark H. CHUA, Terry K.W. LAM A centennial literature review (1919–2019) of research publications on land readjustment from a neo-institutional economic perspective, Land Use Policy 120 (Sep 2022): 106236.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106236Aoxi Yang, Yahui Wang Spatiotemporal Variations in Farmland Rents and Its Drivers in Rural China: Evidence from Plot-Level Transactions, Land 11, no.22 (Feb 2022): 229.https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020229Zhang Yiwen, Shashi Kant Secure tenure or equal access? Farmers’ preferences for reallocating the property rights of collective farmland and forestland in Southeast China, Land Use Policy 112 (Jan 2022): 105814.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105814Kai Liu, Wenjue Zhu, Mingzhong Luo Land integration and titling policy in China: Institutional barriers and countermeasures, Land Use Policy 112 (Jan 2022): 105849.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105849Wenjue Zhu, Krishna P. Paudel, Biliang Luo The influence of land titling on the disparity between willingness to accept and willingness to pay values, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 64, no.55 (Aug 2020): 930–953.https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2020.1796287Jin Zeng Acceptance or resistance?—Explaining local reactions to land titling in three Chinese villages, The Journal of Peasant Studies 47, no.66 (Oct 2020): 1143–1164.https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2020.1822339Fangping Rao, Max Spoor, Xianlei Ma, Xiaoping Shi Perceived land tenure security in rural Xinjiang, China: The role of official land documents and trust, China Economic Review 60 (Apr 2020): 101038.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2017.03.009Weijie Hong, Biliang Luo, Xinyan Hu Land titling, land reallocation experience, and investment incentives: Evidence from rural China, Land Use Policy 90 (Jan 2020): 104271.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104271Chenxi Li, Zenglei Xi Social Stability Risk Assessment of Land Expropriation: Lessons from the Chinese Case, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no.2020 (Oct 2019): 3952.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203952Lei Chen, Andrew Michalek, Jia Wang The Norm of Property’s Social Function: A Chinese Perspective, (Sep 2019): 331–354.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7189-9_14Li Huang, Rong Tan The impact of social security policies on farmland reallocation in rural China, China Agricultural Economic Review 10, no.44 (Nov 2018): 626–646.https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-12-2016-0199Yongle Li, Bangrong Shu, Xiaoping Shi, Yu Zhu Variation of Land-Expropriated Farmers’ Willingness: A Perspective of Employment and Inhabitance, Sustainability 9, no.77 (Jun 2017): 1083.https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071083Shitong Qiao The Evolution of Chinese Property Law, (Nov 2016): 182–211.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316658925.008 References, (Oct 2015): 229–259.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118827611.refsYiming Wang Negotiating the farmland dilemmas: ‘barefoot planners’ in China’s urban periphery, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 33, no.55 (Nov 2015): 1108–1124.https://doi.org/10.1068/c1302Yiming Wang Negotiating the farmland dilemmas: ‘barefoot planners’ in China’s urban periphery, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 33, no.55 (Nov 2015): 1108–1124.https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X15610053Fang Yangang, Liu jisheng The modification of North China quadrangles in response to rural social and economic changes in agricultural villages: 1970–2010s, Land Use Policy 39 (Jul 2014): 266–280.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.02.009Lili Jia, Martin Petrick How does land fragmentation affect off-farm labor supply: panel data evidence from China, Agricultural Economics 45, no.33 (Aug 2013): 369–380.https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12071James Kai-Sing Kung, Ying Bai Induced Institutional Change or Transaction Costs? The Economic Logic of Land Reallocations in Chinese Agriculture, Journal of Development Studies 47, no.1010 (Oct 2011): 1510–1528.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2010.506916Katrina Mullan, Pauline Grosjean, Andreas Kontoleon Land Tenure Arrangements and Rural–Urban Migration in China, World Development 39, no.11 (Jan 2011): 123–133.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.08.009Dirk Loehr External Costs as Driving Forces of Land Use Changes, Sustainability 2, no.44 (Apr 2010): 1035–1054.https://doi.org/10.3390/su2041035Klaus Deininger, Songqing Jin Securing property rights in transition: Lessons from implementation of China's rural land contracting law, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 70, no.1-21-2 (May 2009): 22–38.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2009.01.001Yiming Wang, Steffanie Scott Illegal Farmland Conversion in China's Urban Periphery: Local Regime and National Transitions, Urban Geography 29, no.44 (May 2013): 327–347.https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.29.4.327Xiuqing Zou, Arie J. Oskam New Compensation Standard for Land Expropriation in China, China & World Economy 15, no.55 (Sep 2007): 107–120.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-124X.2007.00087.xANNE HAILA The Market as the New Emperor, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 31, no.11 (Mar 2007): 3–20.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00703.xLiu Liangqun, Rachel Murphy Lineage networks, land conflicts and rural migration in late socialist China, Journal of Peasant Studies 33, no.44 (Oct 2006): 612–645.https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150601137498Klaus Deininger, Songqing Jin Tenure security and land-related investment: Evidence from Ethiopia, European Economic Review 50, no.55 (Jul 2006): 1245–1277.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2005.02.001Klaus Deininger, Songqing Jin The potential of land rental markets in the process of economic development: Evidence from China, Journal of Development Economics 78, no.11 (Oct 2005): 241–270.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2004.08.002 Klaus Deininger and Songqing Jin The Impact of Property Rights on Households’ Investment, Risk Coping, and Policy Preferences: Evidence from China Klaus Deininger and Songqing Jin, Economic Development and Cultural Change 51, no.44 (Jul 2015): 851–882.https://doi.org/10.1086/376885

From the perspective of the institutional environment, this study explores the reasons and mechanisms behind the widening of the economic disparity between China's North and South during the economic development transformation from a factor expansion model to an innovation‐driven model. By defining the institutional environment in terms of the government–market relationship and the non‐state‐owned economy development, the theoretical analysis shows that compared with the South, the government intervenes more in the market and the proportion of state‐owned economy is higher in the North. The differences in the institutional environment are an important reason for the widening of the North–South economic disparity in China during the transformation of China's development model. Taking this transformation after the 2008 international financial crisis as a quasi‐natural experiment, this study constructs a difference‐in‐difference model for empirical testing based on the differences in the regional impact of the economic development model transformation on different institutional environments. It was found that after the economic development model entered the innovation‐driven stage, those regions with a better institutional environment significantly promoted their economic growth. Further mechanism tests have found that innovation capability is an important mechanism for the institutional environment that affects the North–South economic disparity.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the financial development and economic growth in underdeveloped countries. An observed characteristic of the process of economic development over time, in a market-oriented economy using the price mechanism to allocate resources, is an increase in the number and variety of financial institutions and a substantial rise in the proportion not only of money but also of the total of all financial assets relative to GNP and to tangible wealth. Typical statements indicate that the financial system somehow accommodates—or, to the extent that it malfunctions, it restricts—growth of real per capita output. Such an approach places emphasis on the demand side for financial services; as the economy grows it generates additional and new demands for these services, which bring about a supply response in the growth of the financial system. In this view, the lack of financial institutions in underdeveloped countries is simply an indication of the lack of demand for their services.

As the “Internet +” strategy having been put forward, the internet and other information and communication technologies will help play more important role in Chinese economic growth. This research uses Chinese provincial panel data between 2000-2014 to study the relationship between the internet communication technology and economic growth within a Cobb-Douglas function under the Solow model. The result indicates that the development of the internet communication technology has a significant role in promoting economic growth in China. At the same time, the human capital has positive interaction effect on the adjustment between the internet and economic growth. So China should continue to increase investment on the internet communication technology and infrastructure construction, and pay more attention to personnel training to promote the sustainable development of economy in China.

China has a bifurcated land system, with clear distinctions between urban and rural land use rights. While state-owned land in urban areas has become commercially transferable, rural land cannot be transferred. This discrepancy has been exploited by property developers, investors, village heads and local governments, which has caused wide-spread, large-scale malpractice in relation to expropriation of land. Thus, conflict over expropriation of land has been, and continues to be, a simmering hotpot of social unrest in China. It has been claimed that land disputes over expropriation is one of the most common ways of provoking grassroots resistance and undermining public confidence in the government. How should the grievances suffered by the rural farmers be redressed, and how should the Chinese government draw the fine line between economic development and individual property rights? In order to answer these questions, this paper addresses the root causes of land disputes both from a legal perspective, evaluating the most recent statutory changes, and from the policy perspective, analyzing the national strategy of integrating urban and rural areas (城乡一体化), including the recent local experiments on transforming the inalienability of rural land use rights.