WHY DO MEN SUCCEED MORE? GENDER AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG GERMAN UNIVERSITY GRADUATES

The study aimed to identify and evaluate the critical success factors (CSFs) of motivation factors and entrepreneurial competencies that affect entrepreneurial success in the Sabah homestay program. Data were collected from a sample of 181 homestay entrepreneurs in Sabah using a survey questionnaire. The resource-based view was used to conceptualize the study. The study of entrepreneurial success in homestay entrepreneurs is rarely reported in the existing literature. In fact, there is limited consensus on the selection of a proper set of measurements for assessing entrepreneurial success in entrepreneurship studies. This study is to fills the gap by adding more literature on entrepreneurial success in the context of the homestay industry. The reliability analysis showed that the survey is a reliable measure of the five constructs related to entrepreneurial success. The constructs with the highest reliability are entrepreneurial success and motivation factors-pull. The construct with the lowest reliability is motivation factors-push. The findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between motivation factors, entrepreneurial competencies, and entrepreneurial success in the context of homestay entrepreneurs in Sabah. The findings are also useful for the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture (MOTAC) strategy goals 2021-2025 and solving sustainable development goals. Future research should investigate the structural relationship between motivation factors, entrepreneurial competencies, and entrepreneurial success in the Sabah homestay program.

In light of the current situation where college graduates face employment difficulties and rural areas suffer from a shortage of talent, leading to slow development, and by integrating social cognitive theory, a ternary framework and research model for college graduates' willingness to work in rural areas have been constructed. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, the differential impact of various factors on the willingness of college graduates from City S to work in rural areas was studied. The research indicates that the willingness of college graduates to work in rural areas is influenced by multiple concurrent factors, yet these factors converge in different ways, and there exists an asymmetric nature of causality. The antecedent conditions leading to high willingness outcomes are not consistent with those leading to low willingness. Furthermore, the research reveals the sufficient and necessary conditions influencing the willingness of college graduates to work in rural areas. In addition, the study identifies two configurations each for high and low willingness groups, namely, high ability + resource-driven type, policy-led type, external deficiency type, and internal-external linkage deficiency type.

A previous study on the dynamics of employability and professional integration of young graduates during the COVID-19 period revealed significant gender disparities. Focusing on graduates of Hassan I University in Settat, the study found that female graduates were more adversely affected than their male counterparts. The study found that women were disproportionately likely to lose their jobs compared to men, prompting a closer examination of the employability status of female graduates. This current research examines the impact of the pandemic on the job prospects, employment rates, and career trajectories of female graduates. By identifying these variables, the research seeks to offer a thorough understanding of the distinct obstacles faced by female graduates in the midst of this unprecedented era, with the ultimate goal of providing valuable perspectives for decision makers and academic institutions to improve support and ensure fair job prospects in the aftermath of the pandemic.

Among Young Adults, College Students and Graduates Practiced more Healthful Habits and made more Healthful Food Choices than did Nonstudents

Research on university education and its role in developing personality traits essential to achieving success in entrepreneurship is required because of the significance of entrepreneurship for advancements in the economic, social, technological, and environmental spheres. Additionally, the value of a university education in shaping an individual's personality, and the necessity of emphasizing entrepreneurship in higher education for students to achieve real success, should be a priority in our society. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore how university education influences personality traits that are key to success in entrepreneurship in Spain. To achieve this objective, a qualitative methodology based on the study of 11 cases has been adopted. The results allow us to conclude that university education has a decisive influence on the development of the personality traits that integrally determine entrepreneurial success as the culmination of the final stage of the maturation process; however, a university education is not fundamental to the development of these traits. Nevertheless, entrepreneurs emphasized that the personality traits analyzed need to be reinforced explicitly in university education since they effectively positively impact the success of entrepreneurial initiatives.

Entrepreneurial activities have been vital to economic growth as a feasible career option for many university graduates. Nonetheless, it has been recognised that the lowest intentions to undertake entrepreneurial activity are among female graduates. While entrepreneurship is claimed to be a reflection of creative activity from which individuals generate value, graduates’ creativity can be a crucial aspect of entrepreneurship, with innovative concepts, products and services. This study examines the role of creativity skills in the entrepreneurial intentions of female university students attending business programs. Built on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the survey results collected from 303 female business graduates identified the positive influence of creativity on entrepreneurial intentions. Recognising the need to embed creative skills and activities in the university curriculum is fundamental to encouraging entrepreneurial aspirations among female graduates.

This study focuses on entrepreneurs associated with construction-based renewable energy projects located in Pakistan. The objectives of this research to identify the critical factors that affect the success of entrepreneurs. We used three dimensions of critical success factors such as government support (GS), access to finance (AF), and personality traits (PTs). This study consists of four important direct and indirect relationships. First, we examine the direct relationship between critical success factors (CSFs) and the success of entrepreneurs. Second, we investigate the direct relationship between CSFs and supportive leadership (SL). Third, we also examine the indirect relationship of supportive leadership between CSFs and the success of entrepreneurs. Fourth, we test the direct relationship between supportive leadership and the success of entrepreneurs. In this study, we collected data from 255 entrepreneurs using convenience sampling techniques associated with construction-based renewable energy projects in Pakistan. A five-point Likert scale is used for data collection through a research questionnaire. The direct and indirect path analyses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of this study conclude. First, in the direct relationship, all the critical success factors, i.e., personality traits, access to finance, and government support, positively and significantly impact entrepreneurs' success. Second, the results confirmed that all critical success factors positively correlate with supportive leadership. Third, the results also revealed that supportive leadership significantly and positively mediates the relationship between the three CSFs and the success of entrepreneurs. Fourth, the outcomes also demonstrate that supportive leadership positively affects the success of entrepreneurs. The outcomes of this study also suggest some theoretical and practical suggestions for academicians and entrepreneurial personnel.

To investigate personality traits and psychiatric symptoms, we administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Questionnaire (SCID-II Screen), the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the 30-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) to 781 male computer engineers and 214 male clerical workers in a computer manufacturing factory. Subjects, aged from 20 to 49 years, were divided into university and high school graduates. Among the university graduates, scores for schizotypal and avoidant personality traits were significantly higher in computer engineers than in clerical workers (the effect of age was controlled by analysis of covariance). No significant correlation between personality traits and years employed was found in the university-graduate computer engineers. In high school graduates, scores for borderline and dependent personality traits were significantly lower in computer engineers than in clerical workers (the effect of age was controlled by analysis of covariance). Because of the lack of significant association of personality traits and symptoms with duration of employment in the university-educated computer engineers, the greater prevalence of schizotypal and avoidant personality traits might be related to their process of self-selection of job rather than to computer manufacturing work. In summary, these data suggest that computer engineering work does not cause abnormal personality traits or psychiatric symptoms.

Women entrepreneurs are significant contributors to the economic development of any country and their role becomes more vital in improving the economic condition of developing countries. This highlights the important role of women-owned small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and their entrepreneurial success. Therefore, the current study extends the entrepreneurship literature by examining the effects of factors like personality traits (PT), motivation and commitment (MC), availability of financial resources (AFR), and government support (GS) on entrepreneurial success (ES) of women-owned SMEs. Using a purposive sampling technique data from 255 women-owned SMEs were collected. A multi-analytical approach was employed to analyze the data. The Structural equation modeling (SEM) results indicated that PT, MC, AFR, and GS have a direct effect of ES whereas MC also mediated the link between PT and ES, and the results reveal that in presence of MC the effects of PT on ES become more significant. SEM results revealed that PT and AFR are the most important factors related to entrepreneurial success. On the contrary, ANN analysis revealed that “motivation and commitment” is the most influencing factor. These findings can guide business practitioners and policymakers in the envisioned strategy formulation to encourage women entrepreneurs who can contribute to their country’s sustainable economic growth.

<p>Employing public resources for promoting entrepreneurships demands careful selection of candidates who are most promising to set up a successful entrepreneurial career. This study addresses the relation between an individuals’ entrepreneurial potential, identified through personality traits, and aspects of human and social capital, based on prior entrepreneurial exposure. A psychometric test, called F-DUP<sup>N</sup>, measures the strengths of personality traits considered relevant for successful entrepreneurial activity. To test our hypotheses, we collected data of 166 individuals. All of them are university students or graduates and have indicated a specific interest in entrepreneurial activity. A major result is that participants experienced in self-employment, with self-employed parents and with self-employed friends show a higher entrepreneurial potential than participants who do not have these experiences or relations. Furthermore, we find in line with other studies that differences in entrepreneurial potential become less pronounced with increasing age. An interpretation is that personality traits significant for entrepreneurial activity are not stable over time and can also be acquired at a later stage in life.</p>

If one should buy something only because one loves it for its beauty or some other aspect of aesthetic or personal appeal, one can never really lose. Individuals who collect art and who share the growing interest in art as an investment question whether art is a good investment particularly when art is illiquid and the ability to convert an art investment into cash expeditiously is limited. Anything that can be said about art as an investment obviously applies only to genuine art and not fakes or forgeries. Investors need to be able to find out what is authentic and what is not. Art prices may be quite unpredictable, and investment horizons may run for decades and art often ends up as part of an estate. Past performance in art investing is no indicator of future results. At the same time statistics suggest that discerning investors might at least want to give some thought to adding art to their portfolios. The next issue is whether art serves any function in a portfolio. Sales at the major auction houses are setting record prices for art against the backdrop of major recession. Studies indicate that art values tend to hold up well during periods of economic difficulty and that art indices outperform major stock indices during times of war. Art could therefore be a balancing or stabilizing asset. This study considers whether investing in a fine art at the correct price could diversify a portfolio risk and stabilize the volatility of one's portfolio and position one's art collection for upside appreciation. . Since investment in art is modeled with due regard to the peculiarities of artistic work and value created activities, it follows that the construction of earnings functions and models of career choice in this area will also need to account for the risk and return function. A successful entrepreneur sees business where others do not. The blessing of the capitalist system is that it rewards those that come with good new ideas and bring them to business.

The persistently lower participation of women in entrepreneurial activities constitutes a significant economic and societal problem. This study investigates the entrepreneurial intentions (EI) of university students and graduates from the University of Applied Sciences Potsdam from a gender-specific perspective, with the central aim of identifying the reasons for the continuing differences in EIs between men and women. The theoretical framework is based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which was extended in this study by the construct of entrepreneurial self-identity to gain a more comprehensive understanding of EI. Using structural equation modeling, an analysis was conducted for the entire cohort as well as stratified by gender, examining how attitude, social norms, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial self-identity influence EI. The results of the online survey, in which 414 students and graduates participated between June 2nd and July 14th, 2023, show that men exhibit significantly higher EIs than women. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that risk-taking propensity contributes to these gender differences. Moreover, perceived behavioral control and parental role models proved to be crucial determinants for the EIs of women, while these factors did not significantly relate to the intentions of men. The analysis underscores the complexity of gender differences in EIs and implies that considering gender-specific factors in targeted support measures for universities can help reduce gender differences and thus better leverage the entrepreneurial potential of women.

A large body of literature has shown that the gender wage gap is small in the first years after graduation and increases gradually with age, largely because of family decisions, often a penalty caused by childbirth. However, the gender wage gap immediately after graduation has received less attention. Using a unique dataset that links 5000 university graduates with master's degrees or equivalent from a large German university to detailed employment records from the German social security register, we specifically analyze the gender wage gap at the first job and its dynamics during the initial years of their careers after graduation. We find that a significant gender wage gap already exists in the first job after graduation, even before most young individuals make family decisions. However, this gender wage gap decreases in the first year after entering the labor market and then increases slowly over time. We attribute this initial decrease in the gender wage gap to female university graduates experiencing greater returns from firm and occupational changes than their male counterparts. This suggests that women may use these changes to address skill mismatches, which are more common among women than men in their first job.

Through the years, female enrollees to the civil engineering program increase. The BSCE program which was once male-dominated has gradually developed into a co-ed profession. Nevertheless, doubts as to how competitive the female civil engineers are still exist despite the non-significant difference in the abilities of males and females in other programs resulting from research findings. This bias could have originated from the years they were in college. This study aims to discover gender difference in the scholastic and board performances among the 2018 BSCE graduates in the College of Engineering, University of Northern Philippines.The college grades and board ratings of 88 male and 64 female graduates who took the board examination in this same year were analyzed. The college grades, called scholastic performance, were requested from the University Registrar. Board ratings, taken as the board performance, were requested from the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). These ratings were analyzed as to their mean, significant difference and correlation. The findings reveal that the female graduates performed the same as their male counterparts in college, as suggested by the not significant difference in their scholastic performance. In the board examination, the female and male graduates performed the same in the Mathematics, Surveying and Transportation Engineering and Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering components of the board examination, but not anymore in the Structural Engineering and Construction component. As a whole, there is significant difference in the board performance of the 2018 female and male BSCE graduates, with more male graduates passing the licensure, meaning, they are not on the same level of capability in solving problems in the board examination. It was also found out that there exists significant relationship between their scholastic and board performances, suggesting that the subjects covering the three board components taken .....

The aim of this study is to investigate multi-perspective success factors of a group of second generation Chinese entrepreneurs in Hong Kong. Results show that the common success factors differ slightly from those of last-generation entrepreneurs and international entrepreneurs. This study also suggests that a new level of success factors Spiritual Value and Fate including luck, religion, life philosophy (Mission Value) and ultimate life value (Image Value) of the 32 interviewees is different at different stages. INTRODUCTION Many people want to become rich and successful by starting their own businesses as entrepreneurs. Hong Kong is famous for its wealth. Its average per capita wealth in 2003 was US$28,700, the highest level in Asia. Friedman (1980) called Hong Kong the world best example of a capitalist city. It is a place where East meets West, and where capitalist ideology goes hand in hand with traditional Chinese beliefs. Hong Kong success is partly due to the efforts of entrepreneurs from China who fled to the territory after 1949 to escape the Civil War in China. These entrepreneurs led Hong Kong rapid economic development in the 1960s and 1970s. At present small and medium enterprises account for 98 percent of all local enterprises. It is no exaggeration to say that entrepreneurs are among Hong Kong most important assets. In Hong Kong, many young Chinese entrepreneurs have become a special power group with their own culture and common values, which are likely to be different from that of the traditional and global entrepreneurs. Do these values differ from those identified in previous studies? There is an obvious interest in exploring the factors that have influenced their entrepreneurial success. THE CONTRIBUTION OF THIS PAPER Interestingly, few studies have focused specifically on Chinese entrepreneurs, despite their importance. One of the most distinctive studies was done by Redding (1990). His book The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism was the first study of Chinese family business in the Asia-Pacific region, and sampled mostly representatives of the first generation of overseas Chinese. Another important study is Wong book on Shanghainese entrepreneurs, Emigrant Entrepreneurs (1988). Individuals value different things at different stages of their lives. The values held by entrepreneurs during the initial stage in which they struggle to build a business are probably different from those held after they become established and successful. Changing values may conceivably affect the operational direction of an entrepreneur company, and it is therefore interesting to see if these values do change over time and, if so, how they influence entrepreneurs success. By studying these topics, we should be able to identify a new set of success factors relevant to Hong Kong entrepreneurs. Furthermore, a study of how values change over time will provide a new perspective on entrepreneurial success factors and their relationship with values. RESEARCH STUDIES ON ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS FACTORS Researchers are generally agreed that entrepreneurial success factors can be categorized into three types: personality attributes, demographic factors and the environment. PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES According to Gartner (1989), the belief that entrepreneurs have distinctive personality characteristics has a long tradition in entrepreneurship studies, and the research based on this premise is known as the trait approach The influence of the trait approach is great and a recent study by S chmitt- Rodermund and Vondracek (2002) noted the relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurial orientation among German subjects. Need for Achievement McClelland (1965) suggested that the key to entrepreneurial behavior lay in achievement motivation. The need to achieve is the driving force of a person who spends more time on considering how to do a good job, and accomplish something. …