Why Are There Financial Crises? Recent Developments in Theory

efficient financial institutions and markets could increase economic growth, and mutually, the financial sector should also reflect the economic indicators changes in real sector. In this study, impact of the banking, insurance and financial intermediation sector with an emphasis on value-added of financial and monetary institutions services on the capital market is examined. For this purpose, “TEPIX” and “financial index” as capital markets representative indices (the dependent variable) and Bayesian ARDL (BARDL) method based on Doan, Litterman and Sims prior and Buss (2010) is used in period of 1991-2018. The results show that monetary and financial institutions services in the short term could affect stock price index (“TEPIX” and “financial index”), therefore The short-term relationship between the banking, insurance and financial intermediation sector of economy and the financial sector (Stock Exchange market) is established but the statistical significance of this relationship in the long run is not approved and no feedback in stock price indices based on the changes in the banking, insurance and financial intermediation sector is observed. These results on one hand indicate a significant impact of monetary variables and tools such as liquidity and price inflation on the stock market, and on the other hand is a sign of weakness in the relationship between the banking, insurance and financial intermediation sector and the stock market. Therefore, it is suggested that in critical situations (with short-term targets), monetary and price tools used to adjust stock market but in contrast, by correction of structural flaws of Stock Exchange market, the context of short term and long-term impact of the banking, insurance and financial intermediation sector on stock indices will be provided.efficient financial institutions and markets could increase economic growth, and mutually, the financial sector should also reflect the economic indicators changes in real sector. In this study, impact of the banking, insurance and financial intermediation sector with an emphasis on value-added of financial and monetary institutions services on the capital market is examined. For this purpose, “TEPIX” and “financial index” as capital markets representative indices (the dependent variable) and Bayesian ARDL (BARDL) method based on Doan, Litterman and Sims prior and Buss (2010) is used in period of 1991-2018. The results show that monetary and financial institutions services in the short term could affect stock price index (“TEPIX” and “financial index”), therefore The short-term relationship between the banking, insurance and financial intermediation sector of economy and the financial sector (Stock Exchange market) is established but the statistical significance of this relationship in the long run is not approved and no feedback in stock price indices based on the changes in the banking, insurance and financial intermediation sector is observed. These results on one hand indicate a significant impact of monetary variables and tools such as liquidity and price inflation on the stock market, and on the other hand is a sign of weakness in the relationship between the banking, insurance and financial intermediation sector and the stock market. Therefore, it is suggested that in critical situations (with short-term targets), monetary and price tools used to adjust stock market but in contrast, by correction of structural flaws of Stock Exchange market, the context of short term and long-term impact of the banking, insurance and financial intermediation sector on stock indices will be provided.

SMEs within the financial intermediation sector has an important role to play in any economy and maybe even more so in a third world economy. This sector provides the country with essential financial functions, such as daily economic transactions, savings and insurance. Attaining the correct skills and receiving the correct training is essential in the survival of these SMEs in an ever changing business environment. This article focuses on the existing skills that SMEs in the financial intermediation sector possess and establishing the skills and training that they need or perceive to need in order to adapt to this environment. The target population for this study consisted of SMEs within the City of Tshwane in South Africa and structured questionnaires were used to collect the data. The results of the study showed that both employers and employees in the financial intermediation sector are in need of essential financial, technical and conceptual skills, and that these will have to be integrated to secure the best possible results.

The aim of this paper is to acknowledge the reflections of Portuguese Marxist economists on the theory of economic crisis. Although references to Marx in Portugal date back to the 1850s, both the theoretical approaches adopted and the applied studies undertaken from this perspective were fairly superficial and belated in their appearance in this country. The relative backwardness of the Portuguese economy and other specificities of Portuguese society at that time were detrimental to an intellectual interest in the theory of economic crisis. Nonetheless, the approach adopted to this subject by some economists reveals the existence of a Marxist theoretical tradition in this semi-peripheral country especially in three main types of theories: the theory of crises in the business cycle, addressed from three different perspectives (underconsumption theories, disproportionality theories and theories based on the fall of the rate of profit); the theory of the crisis over the long cycle; and the theory of the systemic crisis. Only after World War II did the first relevant studies begin to emerge, and only after the 1970s did the academic world appear to become sensitive to the subject. Meanwhile, the context of the most recent economic and financial crisis, which began to set in after 2007–08, has revived the topicality of the theory of economic crisis, also viewed from this heterodox perspective.

This paper investigates the importance of financial intermediation sector in the inter-industry context, using input-output tables from 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010. Known as matrix triangulation problem, the problem was mathematically categorized as NP-Hard where exact solution to real-world data cannot be ascertained. The algorithm used in this paper was proposed by Chanas-Kobylanski. The computation results confirm that the financial intermediation sector is consistently among the most important sector in the production structure of the Indonesian economy by serving non-negligible input to most sectors inthe economy. This paper shows that the sector has mixed record toward small-scale businesses. Financial intermediation sector supports directly and indirectly retail trade, agricultural and food-beverages sectors. The relatively large share of input from financial sector implies the high interest rate charged by banks to the retail trade sector, which in turn reflects high risk associated with Retail Trade (and SMEs in general). Thus tightening and improving efficiency between financial intermediation and retail trade sector will not only increase SMEs participation in the economy but also improve the economic activities in the agricultural and food-beverages sectors which combined contributes to around 19 percent of Indonesia’s GDP.

This paper documents highly persistent effects of financial crises on output, labor productivity and employment in a sample of emerging economies. To address these facts, it introduces a quantitative macroeconomic model that includes endogenous TFP growth through firm creation. Firm creators obtain funding from a financial intermediation sector which is subject to frictions. These frictions become especially severe in a financial crisis, increasing the cost of credit for firm creators and thereby lowering the growth rate of aggregate TFP. As a consequence, the model produces medium-run dynamics following crises that are in line with the data.

Knowing which sector credit facilities can contribute to increasing economic growth in the long term in Indonesia, is the main objective of the research. This research uses secondary data as quarterly data from 2010Q1 to 2019Q4. Using the VECM approach to identify long-term effects, equipped with structural analysis to determine the response to shocks as well as the resulting contribution. Overall sectoral bank credit facilities have a significant long-term impact on GDP, it was found, though of a different nature. The positive nature of credit facilities for the agricultural sector, wholesale and retail trade sector, and the transport, warehousing and communications sectors, while credit for manufacturing, construction, and financial intermediaries had the opposite impact. A credit shock for construction and financial intermediary sector loans responded positively in the long and short term, while credit for the manufacturing sector received the largest negative response. The largest contribution to economic growth came from manufacturing sector credit, financial intermediary sector credit, agricultural sector credit, and lastly, construction sector credit. Researchers suggest increasing credit allocations to agribusiness, discount and retail exchange, and the transport and communications sectors to meet long-term goals, while in the short term, maximizing the allocation of credit between the manufacturing sector, the financial intermediaries sector, and the transport and communications sector.

The objective of this research is to provide empirical evidence on the utilization of total benchmarking ratio as a mean to assess the fairness of financial statement and the fulfilment of tax obligation in financial intermediaries sector. Variables to be tested in this research are 14 ratio of benchmarking total consist of: Gross Profit Margin (GPM), Operating Profit Margin (OPM), Pretax Profit Margin (PPM), Corporate Tax to Turn Over Ratio (CTTOR), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR), Value-added Tax Ratio (pn), Salary/Sales Ration (g), Interest/Sales Ratio (b), Rent/Sales Ratio (s), Depreciation/Sales Ratio (py), Outside-business Revenue/Sales Ratio (pl), Outside-business Cost/ Sales (bl), Other-input/Sales Ratio (x). This research incorporates financial intermediaries sector because it has contributed to the 5 largest tax revenue in last 5 years. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method by calculating ratios then compare them to the benchmark set by the Directorate General of Taxes. The sample of this research is Business Field Classification (Klasifikasi Lapangan Usaha) in the financial intermediary sector: foreign exchange banks, insurance and consumer financing companies. The type of data used is secondary data, that is audited financial statements gathered form ICMD. The research results show that the largest ratio difference for foreign exchange banks and insurance companies is at interest expense; however, the largest ratio difference for consumer financing is at outside-business Costs.

Bank liabilities channel

This thesis consists of three manuscripts that analyze the role of financial intermediation in the Great Recession from both a microeconomic and macroeconomic perspective. Although these papers differ in the adopted methodologies, they share the substantial idea that, to evaluate the real effects of the last recession, we need a deeper study of the role of the financial intermediation sector. The first chapter of this thesis is joint work with L. D’Aurizio and L. Romano. It documents the credit allocation by Italian banks following the failure of Lehman Brothers. The empirical analysis reveals that Italian family firms experienced a significantly smaller contraction in granted loans than non-family firms. It is showed that the difference in the amount of credit granted to family and non-family firms is related to an increased role for soft information in Italian banks’ operations. The second chapter, joint work with D. Menno, quantifies the welfare effects of the drop in aggregate house prices for leveraged and un-leveraged households in the Great Recession. It features a dynamic general equilibrium model calibrated to the U.S. economy and simulates the 2007-2009 Great Recession as a contemporaneous shock to the financial intermediation sector and aggregate income. The estimates show that borrowers lost significantly more in terms of welfare than savers. In counter-factual experiments it has showed that this loss is larger the higher the households’ leverage. The third chapter documents the relation between bank performance in the 2007-2008 financial crisis and CEO monetary incentives in a crosscountry analysis. Results suggest that the sensitivity of CEOs’ stock-option portfolios to share prices (option delta) in 2006 have strong predictive power for ex-post bank performance. By exploiting the cross-country variability in financial regulation, results show that incentives to take risk

This paper incorporates diagnostic expectations into a general equilibrium macroeconomic model with a financial intermediary sector. Diagnostic expectations are a forward-looking model of extrapolative expectations that overreact to recent news. Frictions in financial intermediation produce non-linear spikes in risk premia and slumps in investment during periods of financial distress. The interaction of sentiment with financial frictions generates a short-run amplification effect followed by a long-run reversal effect, termed the feedback from behavioural frictions to financial frictions. The model features sentiment-driven financial crises characterized by low pre-crisis risk premia and neglected risk. The conflicting short-run and long-run effect of sentiment produces boom–bust investment cycles. The model also identifies a stabilizing role for diagnostic expectations. Under the baseline calibration, financial crises are less likely to occur when expectations are diagnostic than when they are rational.

Coordinating Monetary and Financial Regulatory Policies

Impact of ICT and Human Skills on the European Financial Intermediation Sector

Impact of ICT and Human Skills on the European Financial Intermediation Sector

The promotion of innovation activities in various fields of economics is one of the main goals of modern economic policy of EU countries. The mail goal of this article is a synthetic presentation (n the basis of statistical data) an innovation activity which has been recently undertaken by the financial intermediation sector in Poland.

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