Who Becomes a Successful Entrepreneur? The Role of Early Industry Exposure

Adolescents' and young adults' evaluations of reasons used by adolescents for making career decisions, and the role of parental influence, were examined in interviews with 72 high school and college students evenly divided by gender and age (16,19, and 22 years old). Adolescents' evaluations of career decisions were contrasted with acts involving prudential, moral, and social-conventional consequences. The results showed that adolescents and young adults supported adolescents' career choices for reasons of personal growth and rejected their choices when their decisions were based on interpersonal relationships or hedonism. Furthermore, career decisions were judged to be distinct from moral, social-conventional, and prudential issues. Parental influence was judged to be most important when the adolescents' decisions had negative moral consequences or focused on short-term goals; however, the use of bribery and threat of punishment were rejected as appropriate methods of parental influence across all types ...

Изложены результаты изучения особенностей гендерных представлений об успешных мужчинах-предпринимателях и женщинах-предпринимателях. Основным инструментом эмпирического исследования являлся ассоциативный эксперимент. В качестве респондентов выступали владельцы малого и среднего бизнеса г. Владивосток. Выявлены наиболее значимые ассоциации респондентов разного пола в отношении заданных понятий «успешная женщина-предприниматель» и «успешный мужчина-предприниматель». Результаты исследования могут быть использованы при сравнительном анализе представлений владельцев бизнеса об успешных предпринимателях в контексте региональных и культурных различий. The results of the study of the features of gender representations of successful female and male entrepreneurs. The main tool of empirical research was the associative experiment. The respondents were the owners of small and medium businesses in Vladivostok. Associations of respondents of different gender in relation to the concepts of «successful female entrepreneur» and «successful male entrepreneur» are identified. It is established that female entrepreneurs and male entrepreneurs have close representations about «successful female entrepreneurs» and «successful male entrepreneurs», but do not identify these concepts. The identified associative representations of the respondents reflect the attributes of successful of entrepreneurs of different gender and can be considered as personally significant life guidelines. The results of the study can be used in the framework of promoting professional self-determination of women and men who intend to be realized in entrepreneurship, as well as in the comparative analysis of representations of business owners about successful entrepreneurs in the context of regional and cultural differences.

Financial knowledge is an essential component in financial decision making; however, knowledge is insufficient to ensure responsible financial behavior. We investigate the weak association between financial knowledge and behavior by simultaneously testing the roles financial knowledge, parental influence, and individual psychological characteristics (self‐discipline and thoroughness) play in young adults' financial behaviors. Results from 2,712 respondents from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth confirm there is a weak association between financial knowledge and behavior. Parental influence and self‐discipline positively associate with responsible financial behavior. We also investigate the moderating role of gender and observe that financial knowledge and parental influence improve women's financial behavior more than men, whereas being thorough has a larger impact among males. These findings suggest that considering social and individual psychological factors in financial education programs could improve program efficiency. The results also highlight the importance of adopting tailored financial education to suit gender differences.

This paper is based on a talk given at the conference of the Centre for Research on the Wider Benefits of Learning, September 2004. There is consistent evidence that parents' education predicts children's educational outcomes, alongside other distal family characteristics such as family income, parents' occupations and residence location. A variety of explanations have been offered for these associations. In this paper, we review the most prominent explanations, present a comprehensive model of the influences of parents' education and then summarize some of the research we have done that focuses on the role of parental influences on children's academic achievement.

The current study aimed to assess perceived stress levels among dental students at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and to explore the influence of parental roles in their decision to pursue dentistry as a potential source of social stress. This cross-sectional study employed the validated Dental Environmental Stress (DES) Scale to evaluate perceived stress, and incorporated additional questions to fulfill the research aim. We approached all undergraduate dental students at King Saud University, both male and female, across all academic years, using online channels (such as emails, WhatsApp, Twitter, etc.) and hard copy distribution. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 20, utilizing descriptive and correlation statistics. A total of 326 students participated in the study, with an even distribution of male and female students. Female students reported higher levels of stress compared to their male counterparts across most DES domains. A notable correlation emerged between mean DES scores in certain domains and influence of parents in the decision to pursue dentistry. Our findings indicate that female dental students experience higher stress levels than males in all examined areas, barring social stressors. Furthermore, the study underscores the significant impact of parental involvement in choosing dentistry as a career on students' stress level.

The current study explores youth sport participation by examining the factors perceived to influence youth sampling and specialization in a niche sport. Further, the role of parental influence was examined as a contributing factor to youth sport progression. In-person semi-structured interviews were performed with 18 youth target archery participants and their parents (N = 28). Data analysis revealed target archery may provide a unique context that enhances previously agreed upon perceptions of sampling and specializing within youth sport development. The youth participants’ experiences with target archery were found to both confirm and challenge previous conceptions of the deliberate play and practice framework, while parental influence was largely based on opinion and prior experience. Based on these findings, theoretical contributions, suggestions for future research, and practical implications are discussed.

This study examined how parental influence may shape the leadership process. American college students majoring in management used the Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire to describe their management style. They next used the same instrument to describe their perceptions of the management style used by a person they nominated as an important early influence in the development of their own leadership style. Finally, the person they nominated completed the instrument. Correlations among the scales were used to examine how the early influence affected the subscale scores of the students. Results suggest that early influence was important and that some gender-related differences were operating. It appears that early influence operated most strongly through perceptions, that individuals modeled (rather than reacted against) the perceived style, and that the process operated most strongly for male students and for those whose early influence was male.

The relationship between specific parental behaviors and the career development of young adolescents was assessed. Regression analyses revealed that parental behaviors did relate to the career development of middle school students, after controlling for student grade level and gender. Parental behaviors tended to relate more to career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE) than to career maturity, and general psychosocial parenting behaviors appeared to be more salient than career-focused parent behaviors. Five specific behaviors were found to be predictive of participants' career development. The discrepancy between adolescents' and parents' views of family relationships was also shown to relate to the adolescents' career decision-making self-efficacy. The results from the current study further expand on the results from other studies in this area by providing insight into the effects of specific parental behaviors. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Self-Control and Decision-Making Skills as Predictors of College Enrollment: Role of Parental Influences

We explore, using a unique Italian survey dataset containing matching parent–child information, the determinants shaping sociability patterns among the children of immigrants. While it is well-known that long-term migration disrupts interpersonal networks, little is known about the consequences of such disruption for the offspring of immigrants. Adopting a multilevel approach that allows for the consideration of different individual and parental characteristics, we investigate such effects. Our findings reveal that the size and diversity of core discussion networks among immigrant parents are strongly associated with those of their children. Contrary to widespread belief, once the actual sociability patterns of parents are taken into account, out-group attitudes, religious affiliation, and religiosity of the parents play no significant role in determining the size and composition of the close relationships of their children. We consequently put forward the hypothesis that parents may lead mostly by example. Consequently, an adequate understanding of the structure of the core discussion networks of the children of immigrants requires paying attention to the actual interpersonal networks that children have been exposed to within their households.

Every pre‐school child requires an adult to purchase and provide a variety of foods, to help ensure a balanced selection is included in the diet to avoid any nutritional deficiencies. Children under 5 years have a greater demand for nutrients and energy to support the body's requirements for growth and development than at any other time throughout their life cycle. The paper critically reviews the main factors that influence food choices made by parents on behalf of their pre‐school child. Dietary deficiencies in inner city areas remain a challenge for the government, educators and health professionals. A particular concern is iron deficiency as the prevalence of anaemia is common especially in British pre‐school children from various family backgrounds. Poor parenting skills often exacerbate the problem, especially the early introduction of pasteurized cow's milk, poor weaning practices and lack of dietary knowledge. Therefore, improving education and understanding about the importance of iron could potentially improve dietary iron intake. Phase 1 of the study was completed in West Bridgford area of Nottingham in the UK. This part of the study aimed to determine parental knowledge with regards to the feeding of their pre‐school child. A questionnaire and a 3‐day diet history method were employed. These methods enabled the diet adequacy of the pre‐schoolers to be analysed by NetWISP software. This study highlighted that iron deficiency remains a cause for concern and should be further addressed. The Sure Start programme is a possible means of education as it has the potential to access parents from all socio‐economic classes. The programme can support and empower parents to become healthier consumers. Good dietary habits, established early in life, contributes to a positive start, and can be advantageous to individuals throughout their lifetime. Such long‐term changes will help contribute to a healthier nation that the government envisages for the future.

Interviews were conducted with 257 children and their parents; all of the children had studied a musical instrument but differed in the extent of their mastery. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of parents in the development of musical ability. It was discovered that the most successful children had parents who were the most highly involved in lessons and practice in the earliest stages of learning. These successful music learners often had parents who were involved with music themselves. Parental involvement in music typically took the form of listening to music rather than performing it, and tended to increase over the child's learning period. The children who failed to continue with lessons had parents who were, on average, less interested in music and who did not change their own degree of involvement with music over their child's learning period. Overall, the most musically able children had the highest levels of parental support.

Understanding the Link Between Parent and Child Physical Activity Levels: The Role of Parental Influence

Role of Parental Influence on Bullying Tendencies among High School Students

Objective: To cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, national health authorities temporarily closed cultural, religious, and educational institutions such as universities and schools. Children and adolescents with ADHD were challenged with the restrictions caused by the Covid-19 pandemic such as homeschooling and reduced physical activity. The present narrative review aimed to summarize the state-of-the-art regarding associations between COVID-19-related social restrictions and possible psychological and behavioral issues in children and adolescents with ADHD. Additionally, we discussed the underlying possible reasons of the association focusing on the role of parental influence and physical activity, vulnerabilities of individuals with ADHD to Covid-19 infection and to school closure and remote learning.Method: To collect data for the present narrative review, recent publications on these topics between February 1st, 2020 and January 10th, 2021 were retrieved from the most popular search engines (PubMed; Scopus; Google Scholar; Psych Info; Embase) through a comprehensive search using relevant keywords.Results: During confinement, children and adolescents with ADHD reported increased behavioral and ADHD-related symptoms and overall decreased psychological well-being. Factors negatively impacting children’s and adolescents’ behavioral symptoms and well-being were: less physical activity, adverse parental behavior, difficulties in coping with preventive guidelines, and school closure and remote learning consequences.Conclusion: Children and adolescents with ADHD and their caregivers faced both specific and general psychological issues related to the school lockdowns and homeschooling. Additionally, Individuals with ADHD seem to be more vulnerable to Covid-19 infection which highlights the need for better healthcare adaptation.