Which Side Are You On Boys? Revisiting the History of British Coal Miners and the Strike of 1984/5

Internationalism and the British Coal Miners’ Strike of 1926: The Solidarity Campaign of the KPD Among Ruhr Coal Miners

A unique data set of 3,380 British coal miners has been reanalyzed with major focus on nonpneumoconiotic respiratory conditions. The aim was to assess the independent contribution of smoking and exposure to respirable dust to clinically significant measures of respiratory dysfunction. Exposure to coal-mine dust was monitored over a 10-yr period. Medical surveys provided estimates of prior dust exposure and recorded respiratory symptoms. Each man's FEV1 was compared with the level predicted for his age and height by an internally derived prediction equation for FEV1. Four respiratory indices were considered at the end of the 10-yr period: FEV1 less than 80%, chronic bronchitis, chronic bronchitis with FEV1 less than 80%, and FEV1 less than 65%. Results were uniformly incorporated into logistic regression equations for each condition. The equations include coefficients for age, dust, and when indicated, an interaction term for age and dust. Dust-related increases in prevalence of each of the 4 conditions were statistically significant and were similar for smokers and nonsmokers at the mean age (47 yr). There was no evidence that smoking potentiates the effect of exposure to dust. Estimates of prevalences at the mean age of all 4 measures of respiratory dysfunction were greater in smokers. At intermediate and high dust exposure the prevalence of the 4 conditions in nonsmokers approached the prevalence in smokers at hypothetically zero dust exposure. Both smoking and dust exposure can cause clinically important respiratory dysfunction and their separate contributions to obstructive airway disease in coal miners appear to be additive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

British coal miners immigrated to the United States in increasing numbers during the Civil War decade. Their movement from the collieries gathered momentum in the early war years and reached its peak in 1869. In 1862, almost all of the immigrants entering the United States who listed their occupation as “miner” were from Britain. As shown in the table, such men accounted for more than 73% of all immigrant miners in each of the following years of the decade for which data are available, with the exception of 1864. In 1870, the 57,214 British immigrant miners listed in the United States Census represented more than 60% of all foreign-born miners (94,719) in the country. The movement from Britain had already slowed when news of the American economic depression that began in 1873 reached the collieries in Britain, where an extraordinary demand for iron in the early 1870's had hiked coal miners' wages far above normal levels. However, when employment in the American coalfields was readily available in the 1860's and early 1870's, the risk involved in spending hard-won savings on the journey, which cost approximately £5 and took ten days by steamer, appeared reasonable. In comparison with other wage earners coal miners in Britain were relatively well-paid. They could, therefore, accumulate the cost of the trans-Atlantic passage during “good-times” at home.

By 1918, the British coal industry, like all industries, was facing the pressures of transitioning from a wartime to a peacetime economy. The pressures brought by a slowing economy would leave many coal miners, who possessed limited transferrable skills, harbouring deep concerns about their future employment. For those still in employment, concerns were increasing for workers’ health. Sharp increases in respiratory illnesses across the nation’s coalfields were now a major cause of disablement. Accompanying this was the almost inevitable possibility of unemployment, prompting major concerns among workers and trade unions. This article will explore how the nature of industrial relations across Britain’s coalfields changed during the interwar years in response to these challenges, and reveals how the government developed schemes to train disabled coal miners for work in other industries. The relationship between trade unions and the Ministry of Labour, and the incremental passage of legislation to address issues concerning workers’ occupational health in Britain’s coal mines will be examined. The onset of the Second World War ensured the coal industry was now central to the war effort. Recruitment was intensified accordingly. The improvement to working conditions underground, negotiated by trade unions, helped ensure that the workforce and the coal industry more generally were well-prepared for the challenges of the post-First World War economy, and the difficulties the Second World War would bring.

To explore whether the characteristics of coal mine dust that predispose to chronic airways obstruction are the same as those associated with pneumoconiosis, mortality from the two disease was compared in coal miners in 22 counties of England and Wales during 1979-80 and 1982-90. The proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) for coal workers' pneumoconiosis varied from 135 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 16-488) in Leicestershire to 3825 (95% CI 1538-7881) in South Glamorgan. The PMRs for chronic bronchitis and emphysema were consistently higher than those in other occupations, but showed much less geographical variation and did not correlate geographically with those for pneumoconiosis. These findings indicate that the pathogenetic mechanisms by which coal mine dust causes chronic bronchitis and emphysema depend on different features of the dust from those producing pneumoconiosis. Also, they suggest that current social security regulations in Britain, which require evidence of pneumoconiosis as a condition of compensation for chronic bronchitis and emphysema in coal miners, may discriminate unfairly against claimants from some regions.

"Clinically Important Respiratory Effects of Dust Exposure and Smoking in British Coal Miners: Reply." American Review of Respiratory Disease, 138(6), pp. 1644–1646

In contrast to the current tide of literature which predominantly emphasizes the integrative potential of spirituality in the workplace, this article explores the possibility that spirituality can act as a force of resistance in relation to management through the development of a practice‐based morality. It focuses on two historical cases where a synthesis between Christianity and Marxism provided the basis for challenging organizational practice. The first involves the French worker‐priests (1943–54) and the second concerns the role of industrial mission in the British coal miners’ strike (1984–85). These two cases illustrate the potential for achieving a synthesis between Christianity and Marxism in the form of a practice‐based morality that involves a concern with the exterior, political and social aspects of religion in addition to the preoccupation with the interior search for meaningful existence which tends to dominate managerial approaches.

<b>Rogan, J. M., Attfield, M. D., Jacobsen, M., Rae, S., Walker, D. D., and Walton, W. H. (1973).</b><i>British Journal of Industrial Medicine</i>, <b>30</b>, 217-226. <b>Role of dust in the working environment in development of chronic bronchitis in British coal miners.</b> In the course of a long-term prospective study of chronic respiratory disease in British coal miners the effects on pulmonary ventilatory function of exposure to airborne dust, of simple pneumoconiosis, and of chronic bronchitis have been examined in a group of 3581 coalface workers. The men were employed in 20 collieries throughout the British coalfields. Their cumulative exposures to coal mine dust in the respirable range (1-5 μm) were calculated from detailed dust sampling results at their work places during a 10-year period and from estimates of earlier exposures based on records of their industrial histories. A progressive reduction in FEV_1·0 with increasing cumulative exposure to airborne dust has been demonstrated. This effect was evident also in a subgroup of the men studied who reported no signs of mild bronchitic symptoms (cough and phlegm for at least three months in a year). Among men with pneumoconiosis there was no evidence of a reduction of FEV_1·0 in excess of that attributable to their dust exposures, smoking habits, age, and physique. Increasing severity of bronchitic symptoms was associated with a loss in FEV_1·0 greater than that expected from the effects of dust exposure as measured, smoking, age, and physique. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed. It is suggested that the results may indicate that once early bronchitic symptoms are present the disease may progress and ventilatory capacity may deteriorate independently of factors initiating the disease process.

A model based on Mantel's [1966] generalization of the logistic model to polychotomous dosage-response curves is presented and applied to data on respiratory symptoms in British coal miners. The model allows for the inclusion of an associated occurrence between the two respiratory symptoms. Various models with differing parametric assumptions are fitted to the data by maximum likelihood and are compared with one another by chi-square statistics. The use of logistic analysis for the intercomparison of several sample normal means and variances and its extension to the case of censoring is discussed.

"Clinically Important Respiratory Effects of Dust Exposure and Smoking in British Coal Miners." American Review of Respiratory Disease, 138(6), pp. 1643–1644

96/03160 - Contrasting geographical distribution of mortality from pneumoconiosis and chronic bronchitis and emphysema in British coal miners

Studies of accidents leading to minor injuries in the U.K. coal mining industry∗

To determine whether dust-related "clinically important" deficits of lung function still occur in British coal miners we have analyzed the relationship between lifetime cumulative exposure to respirable dust and risk of defined functional deficits in a population of miners who were examined between 1981 and 1986. The study group consisted of a sample of men who had worked at any one of three collieries (South Wales, Yorkshire, and North East England) between 1970, when new dust standards were introduced, and date of medical survey. There were 1,671 men studied, including men who had left the collieries. "Clinically important" deficits of FEV1 from predicted values derived in this population were defined by comparisons with questionnaire data on exercise tolerance limited by breathlessness. The mean FEV1 of men in the South Wales colliery, for example, who said they had to stop for breath when walking at their own pace on level ground was 942 ml less than the predicted value for nonsmokers after taking age and stature into account. Individual cumulative exposures to respirable dust were calculated from a long-term program of measurements of dust concentrations and occupational records commencing in 1953. In the three colliery populations, 24, 24, and 12% in South Wales, Yorkshire, and the North East, respectively, had FEV1 deficits that were at least as severe as the average deficit associated with the severe grade of exertional dyspnea described above. In all collieries deficits were more common in smokers than in nonsmokers, and more common in men who had left the industry than in men still within it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The 1984-85 strike by British coal miners has focused attention on the difficulties of the coal industry at a time when demand for energy is slack and oil prices are falling. The coal industry does not look very glamorous. Do we really need the coal? In this article it is argued that in the foreseeable future we will become increasingly dependent on coal.

Usually, age-specific incidence rates of chronic diseases are estimated from longitudinal studies that follow participants over time and record incident cases. However, these studies can be cost- and time-expensive and are prone to loss to follow up. An alternative method allows incidence estimation based on aggregated data from (cross-sectional) prevalence and mortality studies using relations between incidence, prevalence and mortality described by the illness-death model and a related partial differential equation. Currently, adequate options for the assessment of the accuracy of the achieved incidence estimates are missing and bootstrap resampling methods are used instead. Therefore, we developed novel ways to estimate incidence rates based on the maximum likelihood principle with corresponding confidence intervals. Historical data about breathlessness in British coal miners and diabetes in Germany are used to illustrate the applicability of this method in scenarios with non-differential and differential mortality. We have two scenarios of available data in the case of differential mortality: mortality of diseased and all-cause mortality, or all-cause mortality and mortality rate ratio. Our results show that estimation of incidence rates and corresponding confidence intervals of chronic conditions based on aggregated data with the maximum likelihood method using a binomial likelihood function is possible and can replace resampling techniques.