Abstract
Background: The physical science of biology and social sciences of psychiatry, psychology and religion address “self” as one of their main themes of investigation. Objective: to find out which self-described by these sciences represents “sapiens” distinguished from all other organisms because of having wisdom. Methodology: a representative text of biology was chosen and subjected to textual and statistical analyses and contrasted to those of psychiatry, psychology and religion. Results: Biology, psychiatry and psychology employ the eight-taxon structure of Linnaeus [1] in which wisdom has no role to play and thus “sapiens” are treated as if they were similar, if not the same as, all other species of plants and animals. Religion, however, divides “sapiens” to three types of self-based on whether they exercise their wisdom or not. Conclusion: Biology, psychiatry and psychology render all selves including “sapiens” subject to life on the earth and justify whatever they do in terms of securing and enjoying it. Religion, however, lifts “sapiens” to the vicegerency of God and holds them responsible for the type of self they choose to become by extending life to hereafter.
Highlights
Linnaeus [1] was the first biologist who provided humans with a scientific name to distinguish them from all other “living things” or “organisms” [2], i.e., sapiens
“Self” and its features represent 194 biological schemata, 20 most representing “sapiens” or people, as the second most frequent (26, 5.9%), frequent of which are presented in Table 4 to answer the third research e.g., People with rheumatoid arthritis have difficulty in shutting down a question
It is followed by the cognitive kingdom complete list of these schemata.) As can be seen “plants” as the kingdom of “animals” as the third highest (f=19, 4.3%), e.g., Animals have several of cognition had the highest frequency (71, 16.1%), e.g., Most plants have ways of defending themselves against pathogens—harmful organisms and evolved mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization
Summary
Linnaeus [1] was the first biologist who provided humans with a scientific name to distinguish them from all other “living things” or “organisms” [2], i.e., sapiens. Upon naming humans as “sapiens” Linnaeus [1] placed them at the lowest level or taxon of a hierarchically organized structure or taxonomy, i.e., species, and related them to other organisms biologically by including them at seven other taxa called genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain. Khodadady contended that each taxon of cognition stands for a concept, mental image or schema with a number of constituting common and distinctive features through which it distinguishes itself and relates to other taxa in the mind of a specific individual. In spite of being a distinct species different from the species of chimpanzees, “sapiens,” bear “anatomical resemblance” [6] to chimpanzees and are, placed together in the cognitive taxa of family represented by the biological schema hominidae (Table 1).
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