When farmers became foragers. Allegories of Neolithization within the cultural-historical research paradigm

In Pisidia/Lakes Region, the architectural and pottery development of the Neolithic period is known from the settlements of Hacilar, Bademagaci, Kurucay, and Hoyucek, at which excavations have been finalized in the region. The archaeological data collected from these settlements clarify in detail the architectural and pottery development of Pisidia/Lakes Region in the Neolithic Period and are significant in determining the place of the Southeastern Anatolia Region within the Neolithisation process. In this context, the data obtained from the aforementioned excavations provide important clues to understand the cultural structure of the region’s Neolithic Period and the network of relations established between the region and its contemporary settlements. One of the primary objectives of this study is to ascertain the direction and existence of communication between the said region and the neighboring and distant regions in the Neolithic Period. The data acquired from the excavations necessitate a re-evaluation especially of pottery wares and forms, for the purpose of using a common language for the region. In this context, the pottery finds of the settlements were renamed in this study. In light of the archaeological data, concerning the chronology problem at Hacilar, and especially the controversial issue of the intended purpose of Hoyucek during the Shrine and the Sanctuary Phases, a different perspective tried to be captured through new suggestions.

The processes of Neolithization and Eneolithization are two of the most important in the study of the human prehistory. The territory of the Lower Volga is of particular importance. In the Neolithic period, one of the oldest ceramic traditions in Eastern Europe appears. In the Eneolithic, cultures with signs of a productive economy are recorded rather early here. A further study of these issues depends on a quality source base. Monuments of the Neolithic and Eneolithic in the Volga steppe are rare. Therefore, the study of the new site Algay is very relevant. Its importance increases due to the discovery of stratigraphic data in 2019: the Eneolithic and Neolithic layers are separated by relatively sterile layers. This allows us to establish reliable periodization. Features of the lower cultural layer allowed us to trace the process of its formation. The work was interdisciplinary. The results of the technical and technological analysis of ceramics revealed the characteristic features of the Neolithic and Eneolithic. Archaeozoological definitions established the species composition of animals in the Neolithic and Eneolithic. New radiocarbon dates provide a basis for determining the exact chronological framework of the Orlovskaya and Caspian cultures in this region. Among archaeological materials, rare artifacts have been discovered that testify to social stratification already in the Neolithic period.

Feet on the ground: Marine archaeomalacology resources during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Iberian Peninsula

Rosa damascena Mill that is one of the important species of Rosa is used for essential oil production. It is a tetraploid rose that belongs to Damask group of roses. It is generally thought that the R. damascena originated in the Neo-lithic period, in South Anatolia, as a hybridization of R. gallica and R. phoenicea. Nevertheless, the origin of R. damascena is a bone of contention throughout the world. So far, 400 volatile substances have been identified in rose oil. Besides its application in aromatic and food industries, some valuable characteristics of Damask rose oil such as anti - HIV, antibacterial and antioxidant activities have been established during last two decades. The demand of rose oil in international market is increasing, but the area of production is stagnant. Thus, there is a pressing need to extend the cultivation of R. damascena to larger area and to improve its production technology. Rosa damascena possesses vast diversity in plant habit and flower characteristics. Over all, the research publication on this crop is scarce compared to other crops. Hence, this review will provide the valuable information for further research and understanding of the crop and its value as an economical crop.

In the Perspective “Radically rethinking agriculture for the 21st century” (12 February, special section on Food Security, p. [833][1]) N. V. Fedoroff et al. rightfully propose a rethinking of the regulatory system to support public-sector development of genetically modified (GM) crops in the United States and as an international precedent. This strategy will only be effective if it is coupled with a comprehensive translational research paradigm for public agricultural research—analogous to the approach that the National Institutes of Health has been adopting since 2003 to better link basic research to patient needs. In the past 20 years, private companies have only invested in the development of a few traits in a few major crops. As a result, specialty crops and traits with high environmental or social value but low economic value have been completely bypassed. Despite more than two decades of public research investment, only two GM crops developed in the public research sector have been approved for commercial release. How can the public agricultural research sector implement a paradigm of translational research? First, researchers in agricultural biotechnology should anticipate the downstream development, deployment, and commercialization requirements from the start, rather than as an afterthought. They should address regulatory requirements and intellectual property access, and they should determine how to bring the project results to scale. Second, to achieve both basic research goals and successful translation, research teams should include members from multiple disciplines and maintain a high degree of connectivity and communication. Finally, translational research should be characterized by clear accountability focused on progress toward deliverables. Philanthropic sponsors of agricultural development are now beginning to demand clearly articulated translational research strategies that encompass these components. If the public sector is going to contribute in tangible ways to Fedoroff et al. 's vision of the future of agriculture, the public research system needs to be tuned up for translation. [1]: pending:yes

While the materiality of Neolithic identities in the Near East and in the Europe has been addressed widely, materiality in relation to the neolithization of western Turkey has not. The matter is treated as if the process was already completed in the East and the Neolithic communities of western Turkey were simply the final or replicated form what had been evidenced in the east. With its well-preserved building sequence, covering a time period spanning more than a thousands years (6850 cal BC), Ulucak Höyük now provides us with an opportunity to discuss how Neolithic communities in western Turkey negoti- ated their identities as well as to trace potential transformations by way of constructing these identities through the Neolithic period. Ultimately, this article suggests that the me- dia which played an crucial role in construction of social relations and identities in Ulucak were shifted from the communal buildings to the newly emerged intermingling set of new objects in the late seventh millennium.

Since the 19th century, the Neolithic period has been conceived as an inevitable stage of the history of human societies in Europe, taking place between the wild times of predation and the industrial civilization contemporaneous to the first prehistorians. The house is a central element of this model considered as proof of sedentarity, the end of nomadism and the beginning of social construction with the hearth drawing the household together. The lack of documentation relative to the architecture of several large geographical and chronological chunks of Neolithic Europe compromised, for a long time, any serious consideration of settlements in discussions about the way Neolithic societies were constituted, while the primacy accorded to Economy in the definition of the Neolithic led to a disregard of the settlement, seen as a sign of the accomplishment of the neolithization process.The development of a sedentary way of life and the construction of perennial settlements are nevertheless the first signs of neolithization in the Middle-East and it is through structured village societies that this new way of life was disseminated to the Mediterranean shores. Taking into account settlements while discussing neolithization leads us to consider all dimensions of the process, and not only through the economic prism. It reveals that the neolithization process is not only the acquisition of farming and herding techniques, but also corresponds to the diffusion of an ideal village society, structured around exchange and a collective procurement of goods. Whether the first impacts of the Neolithic have been expressed by single emblematic tools, by domestic species, by ceramics and/or by long rectangular buildings, the neolithization process has only been fully accomplished when the model of the village society has been developed.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reflect various pathways for public sector accounting and accountability research in a post-new public management (NPM) context.Design/methodology/approachThe paper first discusses the relationship between NPM and public sector accounting research. It then explores the possible stimuli that inter-disciplinary accounting scholars may derive from recent public administration studies, public policy and societal trends, highlighting possible ways to extend public sector accounting research and strengthen dialogue with other disciplines.FindingsNPM may have represented a golden age, but also a “golden cage,” for the development of public sector accounting research. The paper reflects possible ways out of this golden cage, discussing future avenues for public sector accounting research. In doing so, it highlights the opportunities offered by re-considering the “public” side of accounting research and shifting the attention from the public sector, seen as a context for public sector accounting research, to publicness, as a concept central to such research.Originality/valueThe paper calls for stronger engagement with contemporary developments in public administration and policy. This could be achieved by looking at how public sector accounting accounts for, but also impacts on, issues of wider societal relevance, such as co-production and hybridization of public services, austerity, crises and wicked problems, the creation and maintenance of public value and democratic participation.

Summary. This paper deals with the analysis of stylistic variation between the different rock‐art traditions that coexisted in the central Mediterranean coastal area of Spain in the Neolithic period – the Macro Schematic tradition, the Schematic tradition and the Levantine tradition. The stylistic variation is analyzed in different scales from the panel with its compositions and superimpositions, to the shelter – shared or exclusive – and the landscape, focussing on patterns of distribution and relationships with settlement sites. This stylistic analysis enables us to study the chronological aspects of the process of Neolithization; while the symbolic character of these marks on the landscape offers an insight into the perception and use of space by the communities who made them.

The beginning of the Neolithic era in Central Italy

This paper presents new results of stable isotope analysis made on human and animal bones from Mesolithic–Neolithic sites (9500–5200 cal BC) in the Central Balkans. It reconstructs dietary practices in the Mesolithic and documents the development of new subsistence strategies and regional differences during the process of Neolithisation. We achieved these insights into dietary changes by analysing bone collagen δ13C (n = 75), δ15N (n = 75) and δ34S (n = 96) and comparing stable isotope data of Mesolithic–Neolithic communities from the Danube Gorges with the data of the first farmers who lived outside of the Gorges in the Central Balkans. The Bayesian model was employed to evaluate the relative importance of different animal proteins in human diet. Results bring a new overview and highlight important chronological and regional differences. They suggest that Late Mesolithic humans included more anadromous and potamodromous fish in their diet, which is consistent with archaeozoological evidence. On the other hand, differing from archaeozoological data, the model also points to a greater reliance on terrestrial carnivores (dogs) in the Late Mesolithic diet, a pattern that can be also explained by other dietary and environmental factors. In the Transitional and Neolithic period in the Gorges, some individuals have consumed fewer aquatic resources and favoured more terrestrial products. However, one site in the Gorges represents an exception—Ajmana, where we have the earliest farmers in this region since their subsistence economy was mainly oriented toward terrestrial products. Furthermore, results shows that Neolithic individuals inhumated at sites outside of the Danube Gorges in the Balkans had dietary patterns that vary in both terrestrial and freshwater resources, indicating that early farming communities had a diversified diet linked to a local natural environment. Comparative data finally indicates regional differentiations associated with locally available resources but also related to the traditions of prehistoric communities and to specific economic innovations.

Premiers pasteurs et agriculteurs dans le sous-continent Indo-Pakistanais

survival of immature individuals in the Neolithic period, ecological influences and the construction of social identities Nes pour vivre.

The twentieth century witnessed a succession of heinous experiments on human subjects in the name of science. The deplorable nature of these experiments led to the development of several guidelines that laid down the principles of research ethics. Respect, beneficence, and justice are the principles that form the foundation of research ethics today. These principles should be implemented through the channels of the informed consent process, privacy and confidentiality, risk benefit analysis, and fair recruitment. Proper implementation of research ethics ensures the protection of the rights and well-being of the participants. Some individuals are considered to be “vulnerable” in the research context because their autonomy is either diminished or lacking. Examples include children, some elderly persons, those with temporary or permanent cognitive impairment, prisoners, and refugees. Vulnerable groups require additional protection measures if they are involved in research. Public health research differs from general health research that necessitates additional ethical considerations. Research involving public health interventions or research conducted during public emergencies, such as natural disasters and disease outbreaks, has unique ethical challenges. Furthermore, in public health research, an understanding or familiarity with the community in which the research will be done is essential to ethical conduct of research. Research ethics committees [otherwise known as institutional review boards (IRB)] play a central role in research involving human participants. The proposed research must be reviewed and approved prior to initiation and monitored thereafter with ongoing reviews of safety reports, progress reports, and emerging information or circumstances that may impact the study. A substantial number of conditions need to be met to ensure research starts and then remains ethical. Researchers should be qualified by education, training, and experience to take on the role of investigators. The scientific aspects of the research should be robust and valid and the research itself should be purposeful. It is important that ethical considerations be a constant, integrated into the research undertaking, from inception right through to the dissemination and or sharing of the results.

This paper addresses the way in which social identity is articulated through the body at death and linked up with cycles of gift-giving and the architecture of tombs during the Neolithic and earlier Bronze Age in eastern Yorkshire. The dynamics of funerary rites are explored and longer-term historical changes in the archaeological record are interpreted in terms of modifications to these 'everyday' dynamics. Grave goods, seen as part of a network of gift-giving, articulate this process by closing/initiating debts in the course of death which threatens to rupture this network. In a later transformation, however, different practices involving grave goods serve to marginalise death from strategies for the maintenance of social identity.