When diet matters: the role of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory diets in post-COVID-19 fatigue

The role of dietary inflammatory index and physical activity in depressive symptoms: Results from NHANES 2007–2016

The underlying mechanism in both cognitive impairment and depression was chronic inflammation, which could be reflected by the dietary inflammatory index (DII). However, the effect of cognitive impairment on the association between DII and depression was not clear. Therefore, in this study, we hypothesized that cognitive impairment could mediate the association between dietary inflammation and depressive symptoms. A total of 2550 participants aged ≥60 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2011–2014 were involved in the serial, cross-sectional study. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory diets were measured by DII. Cognitive impairment was measured by four dimensions, CERAD-immediate, CERAN-delayed, animal fluency test, and DSST. Depressive symptoms were measured by PHQ-9 scores. We found that a proinflammatory diet and cognitive impairment were both risk factors for depressive symptoms. An interaction between an inflammatory diet and cognitive impairment was detected (P-interaction = 0.060). In addition, all four dimensions of cognition mediated the association between DII and depressive symptom scores. Part of the association between DII and depressive symptoms scores could be explained by different dimensions of cognitive function, and the proportion of mediation ranged from 10.0% to 36.7%. In conclusion, cognitive impairment levels partly mediated the association between DII and depressive symptoms.

High Dietary Inflammatory Index increases the risk of female infertility: An analysis of NHANES 2013-2018

BackgroundMost non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are associated to diet and inflammation. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) is a developed and validated self-assessment tool. The study was conducted to assess the association of DII with the hypertension (HTN) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 9811 participants aged 35 to 65 years from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases (RaNCD) cohort study’s baseline phase data. The DII was calculated using 31 food frequency questionnaire parameters (FFQ). Univariable and multiple logistic regression was used to derive the estimates.ResultsIn healthy participants, the mean DII score was − 2.32 ± 1.60; in participants with T2DM, HTN, or T2DM&HTN, the mean DII score was − 2.23 ± 1.59, − 2.45 ± 1.60 and − 2.25 ± 1.60, respectively (P = 0.011). Males had a significantly higher pro-inflammatory diet than females (P < 0.001). BMI (body mass index), triglyceride, energy intake, smokers were significantly higher and socio-economic status (SES), physical activity and HDL-C were significantly lower in the most pro-inflammatory diet compared to the most anti-inflammatory diet. Participants with T2DM, HTN, and T2DM&HTN had significantly higher mean anthropometry indices (P < 0.001) and lipid profiles than healthy subjects (P < 0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, and physical activity, the probability of developing T2DM was 1.48 (95% CI: 1.19, 1.85) times greater in the fourth quartile of DII than in the first quartile.ConclusionsThe findings of this study showed that an anti-inflammatory diet are associated with HTN, T2DM, and the risk factors associated with these conditions. Modification of diet is recommended to reduce inflammation.

Previous studies have shown that some dietary components may be implicated in the etiology of spontaneous abortion. However, the possible relationship between diet-related inflammation and the risk of abortion has not yet been investigated. We examined the ability of the literature-derived Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) to predict the abortion incidence in women suffering from recurrent abortion in a case-control study conducted from April 2010 to March 2011. This included 67 incident cases and 68 controls (frequency matched to cases by age) who attended infertility and miscarriage specialized centers in Tehran, Iran. The DII was computed based on dietary intake assessed using a validated and reproducible 168 item food-frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to estimate multivariable ORs adjusted for age, education, occupation, and body mass index. Subjects with higher DII scores (i.e., a more pro-inflammatory diet) had higher odds of abortion, with the DII being used as a continuous variable (ORcontinuous = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.02-4.43). When analysis was carried out with DII expressed as a dichotomous variable, women in the pro-inflammatory diet group (DII > 1.24) were at 2.12 times higher odds of having abortion compared with women in the referent group (DII ≤ 1.24) (ORDII>1.24/≤1.24 = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.02-4.43). In the same study, for every 1-unit increase in DII, there was a corresponding increase in interleukin-6 by 0.15 pg/mL, 95% CI (<0.01, 0.28). In conclusion, subjects who consumed a more pro-inflammatory diet were at increased odds of abortion compared with those who consumed a more anti-inflammatory diet.

Proinflammatory maternal diet and early weaning are associated with the inflammatory diet index of Brazilian children (6–12 mo): A pathway analysis

Objective: Low-grade inflammation is a characteristic of various conditions, including obesity. Diet is regarded as a strong modifier of inflammation. The potential links between inflammatory properties of diet and adipokines as well as insulin resistance (IR) warrant further investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the associations of the dietary inflammatory index (DII) with serum chemerin, omentin, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) as well as IR among apparently healthy obese adults.Design: In this cross-sectional study, 171 abdominally obese subjects were recruited in the northwest of Iran. Demographic data, dietary intake, anthropometric indices, and physical activity (PA) were assessed. DII scores were calculated based on dietary intake, using a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Basal blood samples were collected to determine the biochemical parameters. A linear regression test with adjusted beta estimates was applied for data analysis.Result: Compared to those with higher DII score, the group with lower DII score (anti-inflammatory diet) had higher protein (83.62 ± 36.42 g vs. 71.61 ± 25.94 g) and lower carbohydrate (325.00 ± 125.76 g vs. 378.19 ± 137.69 g) intake. Participants with higher DII score had lower consumption of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats as well as fiber and higher saturated fats (p < .001). Those with elevated DII score had higher levels of chemerin (p = .034) and LBP (p = .040), compared to those with lower DII. Omentin showed no significant differences between groups with different DII scores. Additionally, people with a more proinflammatory diet had higher FBS (p = .005); however, other markers of IR did not differ by DII scores.Conclusions: The results suggest that increased inflammatory potential of diet, as indicated by higher DII score, is associated with elevated levels of chemerin and LBP. While DII was positively associated with FBS, no significant correlation was found for insulin and other indices of IR.

Background and aimsThe pathogenic mechanism of sedentary behavior involves chronic inflammation, which can be affected by dietary inflammation. This study aimed to determine the association between dietary inflammation, sedentary behavior, and risk of death.MethodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2018) were analyzed. Sedentary behavior was evaluated using self-reported sitting hours in a day, and dietary inflammation was assessed using dietary inflammatory index (DII). Deaths were ascertained through the National Death Index until December 31, 2019. The interaction between dietary inflammation and sedentary behavior was evaluated through multivariable Cox regression analysis.Results18,425 participants (mean age: 48.2 years; female proportion, 51.7%) were involved for analysis. During a median follow-up of 7.7 years, we confirmed 1,960 all-cause and 488 cardiovascular deaths. After adjustment for confounders, both pro-inflammatory diets and sitting for 6 h/d or more were risk factors for all-cause and cardiovascular deaths (P < 0.05). Of note, we found that dietary inflammation modified the association between sitting time and the risk of all-cause deaths (P for interaction = 0.03). Compared with shorter sitting time (< 6 h/d), prolonged sitting time (≥ 6 h/d) was correlated with an elevated risk of all-cause deaths among participants with pro-inflammatory diets (DII ≥ 0) (HR: 1.50, 95%CI: 1.35–1.66, P < 0.001), but not among participants with anti-inflammatory diets (DII < 0) (HR: 1.20, 95%CI: 0.98–1.46, P = 0.08).ConclusionsDietary inflammation modified the association between sedentary behavior and the risk of all-cause deaths. Anti-inflammatory diets might mitigate the detrimental effects of sedentary behavior on survival in US adults.

Comprehensive Nutrition Assessment in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease Using the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Healthy Eating Index

One of the underlying mechanisms of aging is chronic inflammation, which has been closely associated with daily diet. Phenotypic age (PhenoAge) has been used as an index to track the aging process before diseases show clinical symptoms. The present study aimed to explore the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and PhenoAge. In total, 9275 adults aged 20 years old and over in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were involved in this study. Dietary patterns were classified as pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory according to the DII. PhenoAge was regarded as a continuous variable, and linear regression was used to explore its association with dietary inflammation. Stratified analyses by sex, age, race, physical exercise, smoking status, drinking status, and body mass index were used to test the sensitivity of these associations. The median value of PhenoAge was 38.60 years and 39.76 years for the participants with anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory diets, respectively. A pro-inflammatory diet was positively associated with PhenoAge (β=0.73; 95% CI, 0.31-1.14), compared with participants who had an anti-inflammatory diet. There was an interaction between dietary inflammation and age for PhenoAge (pinteraction<0.001). The strength of the association between a pro-inflammatory diet and PhenoAge was stronger as age increased. A pro-inflammatory diet was associated with a higher PhenoAge, and the association was strongest in the elderly. We recommended reducing dietary inflammation to delay phenotypic aging, especially for the elderly.

The dietary inflammatory index (DII) has emerged as a promising tool associated with the development of cardiovascular risk factors. This systematic review and meta-analysis, developed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (the protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under number CRD42022323267), aimed to synthesise observational studies that evaluated the association between the DII and indicators of body adiposity and blood pressure in children and adolescents. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched, without time and language restrictions. The methodological quality of the studies and the certainty of the evidence were assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, respectively. The meta-analysis revealed that a higher DII (pro-inflammatory diet) was significantly associated with increased odds of body adiposity, as indicated by body mass index (BMI) (odds ratio [OR] = 1·62; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·38–1·86), waist circumference (OR = 1·45; 95% CI 1·10–1·81) and the waist-to-height ratio (OR = 1·76; 95% CI 1·38–2·14) in adolescents, compared with those with a lower DII (anti-inflammatory diet). In addition, for every unit increase in the DII, there was a small but significant rise in mean BMI (β = 0·06 kg/m2). The children’s dietary inflammatory index (CDII) showed no association with cardiometabolic risk factors. There were no consistent associations between the DII or CDII and blood pressure. In conclusion, while a pro-inflammatory diet (based on the DII) is linked to body adiposity, additional longitudinal studies are needed to explore these associations, particularly regarding the CDII and blood pressure.

Background:Epidemiological studies have reported an inconsistent relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer risk. However, no systematic review or meta-analysis has been reported up to now. To quantify the association between DII and UADT cancer risk, we performed this meta-analysis.Methods:The PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library database were searched for relevant studies from inception December 2018. All case-control studies investigating the association between DII and UADT cancer risk were selected.Results:A total of 9 case-control studies were identified, involving 13,714 participants. The adjusted pooled OR of UADT cancer for the highest (the most pro-inflammatory diet) vs lowest (the most anti-inflammatory diet) DII categories were 2.27 (95% CI: 1.89–2.73). Subgroup analysis showed that individuals with the highest category of DII score were independently associated with esophagus cancer (OR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.74–3.68), oral cavity cancer (OR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.73–2.86), pharyngeal cancer (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.54–2.64), and laryngeal cancer (OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 0.85–4.93).Conclusion:This meta-analysis suggested that the most pro-inflammatory diets (the highest DII scores) are associated with increased UADT cancer risk. However, the association between DII and laryngeal cancer risk need to be further investigated.

The mediating role of dietary inflammatory index on the association between eating breakfast and depression: Based on NHANES 2007–2018

ObjectiveThe Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) is a documented nutritional tool for assessing diet-induced inflammation that has been linked to various diseases/outcomes. The association between DII and gallstone disease (GSD) is...

Dietary inflammatory potential and differentiated thyroid carcinoma: A population-based case-control study in New Caledonia