What Makes Business-to-Farm Sales Distinct? Evidence from Time Allocation and Salesperson Personas

This paper investigates the joint time and power allocation in a multi-cell wireless powered communication network (WPCN) with successive interference cancellation. In the WPCN, the hybrid access points broadcast wireless energy to all users and then the users utilize the harvested energy to transmit information simultaneously in a spectrum-sharing fashion. The max-min fairness throughput optimization and max-sum throughput optimization problems are formulated to analyze the system performance. However, both of the two optimization problems are nonconvex due to the complicated co-channel interference and the coupled time and power variables. To deal with this challenge, efficient two-stage approaches are proposed to transform them into more tractable ones. Specifically, for the max-min fairness throughput optimization problem, we first convert the power allocation problem into geometric programming (GP) problem for given time allocation and then optimize the time allocation. For the max-sum throughput optimization problem, we first transform the power allocation problem into a signomial programming problem with fixed time allocation, which is further approximated as a GP one. Then, time allocation is optimized. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the two proposed approaches. In addition, it is shown that the “doubly near-far” issue can be well addressed by the max-min fairness throughput optimization.

The way people spend time determines the quality of their lives. Work takes a significant share of the time we have at our disposal. The allocation of time between paid and unpaid work depends on gender as well as age, and it influences women's and men's opportunities. This chapter analyses the allocation of women's and men's time between paid and unpaid work in the context of life-cycle. In the first part, economic theories concerning decision making processes about how to allocate time between market work and household are presented. The allocation of women's and men's time in distinguished age groups in Poland is analysed in the second part of the chapter. The analysis is based on time use data from research conducted by Central Statistical Office in years 2003-2004. The last part presents the logistic function that allows to determine estimated maxima of women's and men's activities both in paid and unpaid work. The analysis confirmed that time allocation depends both on gender and life-cycle.

The way people spend time determines the quality of their lives. Work takes a significant share of the time we have at our disposal. The allocation of time between paid and unpaid work depends on gender as well as age, and it influences women's and men's opportunities. This chapter analyses the allocation of women's and men's time between paid and unpaid work in the context of life-cycle. In the first part, economic theories concerning decision making processes about how to allocate time between market work and household are presented. The allocation of women's and men's time in distinguished age groups in Poland is analysed in the second part of the chapter. The analysis is based on time use data from research conducted by Central Statistical Office in years 2003-2004. The last part presents the logistic function that allows to determine estimated maxima of women's and men's activities both in paid and unpaid work. The analysis confirmed that time allocation depends both on gender and life-cycle.

Time use and non-market work.- Timing, togetherness and time windfalls.- The allocation of time and goods in household activities: A test of separability.- On private incentives to acquire household production skills.- Estimating intrahousehold allocation in a collective model with household production.- The allocation and value of time assigned to housework and child-care: An analysis for Switzerland.- Who takes care of the children? The quantity-quality model revisited.- Household and family development.- Modelling household income dynamics.- Saving behaviour and earnings uncertainty: Evidence from the British Household Panel Survey.- Family structure and children's achievements.- Childhood family structure and young adult behaviors.- Child development and family resources: Evidence from the second generation of the 1958 British birth cohort.- The decisions of Spanish youth: A cross-section study.- Group living decisions as youths transition to adulthood.- Transition to work and younger employees.- Residential location and youth unemployment: The economic geography of school-to-work transitions.- Transitions from employment among young Norwegian workers..- Parental disruption and the labour market performance of children when they reach adulthood.- Optimal age at motherhood. Theoretical and empirical considerations on postponement of maternity in Europe.- The effects of female employment status on the presence and number of children.- Job bust, baby bust?: Evidence from Spain.- Effect of childbearing on Filipino women's work hours and earnings.

Predictions of the behavioural responses to income and commodity taxes and subsidies have become of increasing interest in recent years. On the one hand, these predictions are important for discussions of the ultimate size of money transfers that will result from the institution of various tax and subsidy proposals.' On the other hand, these predictions are important for discussions of the economic efficiency of income and commodity taxes and subsidies, regardless of whether one measures the deadweight loss of a tax or subsidy or whether one directly attempts to determine the optimum tax or subsidy.2 In each of these cases empirical estimates of the effects of wage and commodity taxes on the incomecompensated demands for all commodities and on the supply of labour are necessary. At the same time, the extensive empirical work on the estimation of systems of commodity demand functions has continued independently of the rebirth of interest in the empirical estimation of labour supply functions.3 This is especially surprising since the theoretical inspiration for both bodies of empirical work is the classical theory of consumer choice and since the important work by both Becker [7] and Mincer [32] has emphasized that the wage rate plays a role not only as income but as a price in the allocation of non-market time and the demand for commodities. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to summarize the implications of the classical theory of choice as applied to the consumer-worker for the relationships among commodity demand and labour supply functions, and then to explore the usefulness of these implications in the estimation of a complete set of seven aggregate commodity demand functions and an aggregate labour supply (hours of work) function. In the first section of the paper we summarize the general implications of the integrated economic theory of the demand for commodities and the allocation of time. We also set out the conditions under which the labour supply decision and the allocation of income to expenditure on commodities may be separated, as is implicitly assumed in most empirical work on consumer demand.4 The second section of the paper is a discussion of the data used for the empirical work in the third section. The latter includes the estimation of commodity demand and labour supply functions based on explicit direct and indirect utility functions and some approximate tests of the usefulness of the general empirical implications of the theoretical framework, including a test for whether non-market time may be considered separable in utility from commodities. In view of the fact that our results can hardly be considered the last word on the subject we conclude with observations on their limitations and the further research that would be desirable.

An Analysis of Out-of-home Non-work Activity Time Use and Timing Behaviour Based on Work Schedule and Trip Time

Time and energy are finite, and their allocation influences organismal fitness and life-history trade-offs. To understand mechanisms regulating life history, we must consider the complex relationship among environment, time and energy allocation, and fitness. Female animals limit population growth rates, making their time allocation important for linking individual processes and behaviors to higher ecological scales. Despite its significance, quantification of time allocation in females is understudied, with most studies focusing on energetics. However, studies directly examining life-history trade-offs in the context of time allocation have provided valuable insight. Using reptiles as model organisms, we present case studies on Timber Rattlesnakes ( Crotalus horridus Linnaeus, 1758) and Canyon Lizards ( Sceloporus merriami Stejneger, 1904) to illustrate the link between environmental factors, female time allocation, and life history. While quantifying time allocation is challenging as a result of delineating behaviors occurring simultaneously, accessing animals, and requiring a significant amount of a researcher's time, recent technological advancements have increased accessibility. Understanding the temporal aspects of life history is essential for developing effective conservation strategies and predicting species responses to climate change. Insights into how females allocate both time and energy have significant implications for ecological theory and conservation initiatives.

This research is a qualitative descriptive study. From the results of this study it can be concluded that: Management of learning in PDF Pondok Pesantren Assalafi Al Fithrah has been done well with the existence of objective planning, material pelejaran, implementation of learning, time allocation and type of evaluation.Implementation of learning has been going well where in the learning process determined the allocation of time sesaui with the state of santri, materials and media used also adjust to the needs of santri. The obstacles faced from aspects of planning include infrastructure and media, implementation aspects include time and media allocation while on the aspect of assessment is the absence of relevant assessment structures. If the time allocation is added and the learning media is equipped the material will undoubtedly be easily digested by the students as a whole. Some problems related to this, need to be addressed immediately by turning the coaching program and curriculum development. Curriculum development is an effort to maintain and maintain the curriculum as it should be. Thus curriculum development is none other than to seek the implementation of the curriculum in accordance with the program and provisions that have been determined. And there needs to be a special allocation of infrastructure and funds for the procurement of RPP so that aspects of planning in management learning can take place maximum.

Time allocation is a complex problem for school principals in many countries. This study examines the restrictive structure of principals’ time allocation for each task domain, as well as the explanatory structure of school administration context for their time allocation. Structural equation models were developed based on data gathered in Shanghai, China using the 2013 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS). The results of the restrictive structure indicate that the administrative and leadership tasks are in the moderating position of principals’ time allocation structure. Meanwhile, principals’ interactions with students underlie their interactions with parents and community members. The outcomes of the explanatory structure signal that school administration context (in terms of principals’ work duties, power distribution and work challenges) affects their time allocation in relation to the task domains. This study illustrates the importance of school administration structure in Shanghai principals’ time allocation, characterized by a high power distance between principals and teachers.

Joint power and time allocation in energy harvesting of UAV operating system

Students in higher education spend their time on a plethora of different activities such as taught studies, self-study, employment, volunteering, caring for relatives or leisure activities. Regarding the determinants of students' time allocation, this analysis investigates the rarely asked question whether students’ base income, which is the sum of transfers from the state and the family, has an impact on students’ time allocation for studies (taught studies and personal study time) and gainful employment in Europe. In addition, it is examined how satisfied students are with their time allocation. The theory of rational choice serves as a theoretical framework, whereby Becker's time allocation theory is used as a special form to model the behaviour of students. For the empirical analysis, the data set from the sixth round of the EUROSTUDENT project is used that provides data for up to 25 countries of the European Higher Education Area. Apart from all students, three student groups are in the focus that differ by their dominant source of income, i.e. self-earned income, public support, and support from the family/partner – such an analysis has not yet been conducted. As the data set contains only aggregate data, analysis is limited to descriptive statistics using mean values for various uses of time and income variables. It appears, among other things, that students with own earnings as dominant source of income have the lowest base income and they differ significantly from the other groups in their time allocation: In all countries, students depending on self-earned income have the largest total time budget (consisting of study time and employment time) of all student groups considered. They spend the least time on taught studies and personal study time and by far the most time on employment. They are also the group that most frequently wishes to reduce their working hours and to extend their study-related times for courses and self-study. As part of a concluding normative discourse on justice, it can also be stated that these students are at a disadvantage compared to their peers who depend either on public support or familial support.

We consider a two-way relaying network, where two communicating nodes exchange their data with the help of a decode-and-forward (DF) relay. For the network, optimization of power allocation (PA) and time allocation (TA) is explored to minimize the system outage probability in supporting asymmetric data rates. We tackle the joint optimization of PA and TA with full channel state information (CSI) by dividing the problem into two convex optimization problems, which find the optimal PA in a closed form for a given TA and then find the optimal TA with the binary search method. To lower the complexity of the joint optimization, we devise suboptimal schemes, i.e., one selecting the TA value adaptively from two predetermined TA values and the other employing a single fixed TA value. We analyze the outage probabilities and asymptotic behaviors of the proposed PA-TA schemes in generalized Nakagami-m fading channels. The results show that PA optimization improves the performance for both symmetric and asymmetric rate transmissions, but TA optimization improves the performance only for the asymmetric rate transmission. In addition, the suboptimal schemes get close to the optimal scheme in the outage performance when two relay channels are asymmetric with unequal fading parameters and an asymmetric relay position.

The results of many experiments have shown that although people distribute their study time depending on the perceived difficulty of the materials, they do not succeed in compensating for this difficulty (e.g., Mazzoni & Cornoldi, 1993). The purpose of this paper was to explore possible ways to induce compensation. The objective difficulty of the items was varied by manipulating their concreteness. In Experiment 1, we explored whether compensation could be increased through practice. In Experiment 2, predictive memory judgements were obtained to determine to what extent participants were sensitive to the characteristics of the material that made it difficult. Finally, in Experiment 3, participants were given instructions designed to achieve complete compensation. Results showed that although participants' judgements of learning and their allocation of time were sensitive to the objective difficulty of the materials, this knowledge was not spontaneously used to compensate. Thus, even with practice participants recalled more easy items than difficult ones. Only instructions that induced greater awareness of the nature of the material were able to produce complete compensation.

Allocation of time in self-paced memory tasks: the role of practice, instructions, and individual differences in optimizing performance

Tests of four hypotheses relating to allocation of activities and time among household members are described using two data sets from two urban regions—Boston, Massachusetts, and Salt Lake City, Utah. The first hypothesis is a test of categorizing activities into groups of mandatory, flexible, and optional activities; this hypothesis is upheld by the data. The second hypothesis is a test of whether there are significant differences in the mean time allocations of activities among the life-cycle groups. It was found that the life-cycle groups that were used do provide a basis for identifying significantly different time allocations to different activities within all three groups of activities. The third hypothesis concerns the relative allocation of time by gender within households for optional and flexible activities, across the life-cycle groups. It was found that gender shows effects on time allocation, but these effects are limited to a few activities, and others show no such effects. The fourth hypothesis concerns the allocation of time by gender and working status. Again, it was found that, for some optional and flexible activities, there are significant differences both in working status and between genders within working status. However, the differences appear only for a subset of activities. Overall, the results show a high degree of similarity between Boston and Salt Lake City and also to an earlier set of tests on a much smaller subsample of Boston data.