What impact do gender differences have on agricultural extension organizations? A critical review

Iraq is one of the agricultural countries in the world. Agriculture is the second source of income after oil in Iraq. Agricultural development is a link between scientific research and agricultural extension because the use of scientific knowledge in agriculture has become very important, which has prompted many countries to increase their investment in scientific research. There is a main agricultural extension department in Baghdad, in addition to agricultural extension departments in the provinces. The aim of this study was to determine the actual relationship between the agricultural research and extension organizations in Iraq throw knowing the importance of activities that achieve the relationship and implementation level according to respondents' opinions. The study aimed also to identify the barriers facing the relationship between the agricultural research and extension organizations and respondents' suggestions that strength the link between the researches and agricultural extension agents. This study was conducted on group of researchers and extension agents who work in Agricultural Extension and Cooperation Department and Agricultural Researches Department. A random sample of 40% was selected. The total was (38) agricultural extension agents and (35) agricultural researchers. A questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. Data were analyzed using the SPSS Version 24.0 statistical software. Descriptive statistics including percentages, frequencies, means, and standard deviations, were used to summarize the data. The most important results showed that the relationship between agricultural research and extension organizations was weak, while a high percentage of respondents believed that the relationship between them was very important. The study illustrated that the most important barrier facing the relationship between the agricultural research and extension organizations was the absence of regulations and laws that organize the relationship between them. The most important suggestions that respondents believed to strengthen the relationship are the establishment of legislations that organize the relationship and work through the research and extension teams and establishment of permanent committees to coordinate the work between them. In addition, the study found that the communication between agricultural researchers and extension agents was informal. Furthermore, the study recommended that the relationship should be continued, and that multiple organizational and administrative methods should be used to strengthen the linkages between agricultural research and extension organizations. Also, the study recommended that agricultural researchers and extension agents should participate in planning and implementing agricultural extension programs.

Iraq is one of the agricultural countries in the world. Agriculture is the second source of income after oil in Iraq. Agricultural development is a link between scientific research and agricultural extension because the use of scientific knowledge in agriculture has become very important, which has prompted many countries to increase their investment in scientific research. There is a main agricultural extension department in Baghdad, in addition to agricultural extension departments in the provinces. The aim of this study was to determine the actual relationship between the agricultural research and extension organizations in Iraq throw knowing the importance of activities that achieve the relationship and implementation level according to respondents' opinions. The study aimed also to identify the barriers facing the relationship between the agricultural research and extension organizations and respondents' suggestions that strength the link between the researches and agricultural extension agents. This study was conducted on group of researchers and extension agents who work in Agricultural Extension and Cooperation Department and Agricultural Researches Department. A random sample of 40% was selected. The total was (38) agricultural extension agents and (35) agricultural researchers. A questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. Data were analyzed using the SPSS Version 24.0 statistical software. Descriptive statistics including percentages, frequencies, means, and standard deviations, were used to summarize the data. The most important results showed that the relationship between agricultural research and extension organizations was weak, while a high percentage of respondents believed that the relationship between them was very important. The study illustrated that the most important barrier facing the relationship between the agricultural research and extension organizations was the absence of regulations and laws that organize the relationship between them. The most important suggestions that respondents believed to strengthen the relationship are the establishment of legislations that organize the relationship and work through the research and extension teams and establishment of permanent committees to coordinate the work between them. In addition, the study found that the communication between agricultural researchers and extension agents was informal. Furthermore, the study recommended that the relationship should be continued, and that multiple organizational and administrative methods should be used to strengthen the linkages between agricultural research and extension organizations. Also, the study recommended that agricultural researchers and extension agents should participate in planning and implementing agricultural extension programs.

Aims: The liberalization of the agricultural sector has facilitated the advent of multitude stakeholders with varied profiles involved in the provision of numerous services to agriculture. This study analyzes the advisory and extension services that support the provision of agricultural inputs in two Divisions of the Western Region of Cameroon (Mifi and Menoua).
 Study Design and Methodology: These areas are home to about 60% of the private agricultural input distributors involved in the provision of agricultural advisory and extension services within the region Data collected by questionnaire and interview guide were carried out with 62 agricultural inputs sellers with input shops on the one hand, and 7 managers of a number of organizations involved in the provision of agricultural services on the other hand.
 
 Results: private agricultural input providers use several agricultural advisory and extension approaches: 42% among them use agricultural extension approach, while 32% use advice to the family farm approach, 21% use organizational capacity building advice and 5%, demand driven approaches. The terms for providing these agricultural extension and advisory services depend on the rationalities of each of these providers. Some agricultural extension and advisory services providers (NGOs, CIGs) promote agroecology through the diffusion of organic inputs, while others promote conventional agriculture through the popularization of synthetic chemical inputs. Access to services by beneficiaries are either paid-offerings or free-offerings. Findings also reveal that in some cases, the actions of some of these providers in the field are intertwined and lead to a collaborative relationship, while in other cases providers work completely compartmentalized leading to negative effects and low performance of the local agricultural extension and advisory system.
 Conclusion: The advent of private providers has increased the number of actors with various profiles leading to potential advantages (e.g., includes access to agricultural information). Yet these potentials have not yet been fully valorized in the provision of agricultural advisory and extension services to farmers. And the needs of farmers have only been partially met. It would be equally crucial to factor climate risks as integral part of extension and advisory services.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to propose a performance measurement (PM) model for agricultural extension agents. Based on an interdisciplinary approach, management accounting-agricultural extension, the study has three main research objectives: highlight the main concepts to be embedded in a PM model for agricultural extension agents in an agricultural extension organization (RO1); identify main PM components of the proposed PM model for agricultural extension agents (RO2); and investigate empirically the causal relationships in the proposed PM model (RO3). Design/methodology/approach – An interdisciplinary literature review and a proposed PM model for agricultural extension agents are presented (RO1 and RO2). An empirical survey is incorporated, carried out in early 2011 (RO3), to examine three groups, totaling around 274 respondents. Data were collected through personal interviews using structured questionnaire forms. Path analysis technique was applied. Findings – The authors propose a PM model consisting of five components. The five components are: agricultural extension agents’ characteristics, agents’ work attitudes, services provided, use of agricultural extension services and farmers’ satisfaction with agricultural extension services. The overall findings of the empirical surveys were found to validate the suggested causal relations among the components of the model. Findings indicate that 85 per cent of changes in farmers’ satisfaction with services are explained by changes in the preceding variables in the model. Research limitations/implications – It is, however, important to view this study with a few limitations in mind; for instance, using a survey method (e.g. sampling and the use of questionnaires in data collection); and the constraints associated with the model. That is to say that the components of the model could be further increased to incorporate other aspects of stakeholders, e.g. the economic impact of governmental financial policies on tax and the customs duties on agricultural products. Practical implications – A Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agricultural extension reference manual recommends certain purposes for a PM in agricultural extension organizations; interestingly, all these are already embedded in the proposed PM model, which makes it unequivocally a useful PM model for agriculture extension agents in agricultural extension organizations worldwide. Furthermore, the proposed model contributes significantly to agricultural extension practitioners and academics alike. It focuses the attention of agricultural extension organizations on the causal relationships among the model’s components. These components are linked to the agricultural extension organization strategies. Social implications – In addition to the practical implications above, the proposed PM model demonstrates the need for placing equal importance on all five components included and setting performance indicator (PI) targets. Originality/value – The importance of this study emerges from the fact that it is helpful to examine the development and implementation of PM models across various disciplines to enhance understanding. The PM model overcomes the shortcomings in previous PM models of agricultural extension agents’ criteria/models in the agricultural extension literature. It is not merely a theoretically proposed model because the proposed causal relations amongst its variables are empirically investigated. Following management accounting and strategy theories, the authors propose that the relative importance of the attributes of PI in the proposed model differs according to each agricultural extension organization’s strategy, size and organizational structure.

In Tanzania, agriculture sector is known for employing more than 70% of the total population. Agriculture sector faces many challenges including climate change. Climate change causes low productivity in agriculture; low productivity is caused due to poor implementation of agricultural policies and strategies. This poor implementation of policies has also caused many farmers to be not competent in climate change adaptation. Over the years, provisions of agricultural advice and extension were provided by various approaches, including training and visit extension, participatory approaches, and farmers’ field schools. However, provision of agricultural advisory and extension service is inefficient. Also, in most cases the usage of most agricultural innovations and technologies developed is limited. A literature review indicates that the main reasons given by Tanzanian farmers for not using improved technology are not lack of knowledge or skill, but rather that the technologies do not contribute towards improvements (e.g., the technologies are not profitable or they imply to high risk). Thus, agricultural extension service needs to be geared towards teaching farmers how to develop innovative and cost effective technologies that are contextualized. Limited numbers of agricultural extension staff and less interactivity of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), such as radio and television, have been mentioned to be among the factors limiting the provision of agricultural advisory and extension services to the majority of farmers in Tanzania. The advancements in ICTs have brought new opportunities for enhancing access to agricultural advisory and extension service for climate change adaptation. In Tanzania, farmers and other actors access agricultural information from various sources such as agricultural extension workers and use of various databases from Internet Services Providers. Also there are different web – and mobile – based farmers’ advisory information systems to support conventional agricultural extension service. These systems are producing bulk amounts of data which makes it difficult for different stakeholders to make an informed decision after data analysis. This calls for the need to develop a tool for data visualization in order to understand hidden patterns from massive data. In this study, a semi-automated text classification was developed to determine the frequently asked keywords from a web and mobile based farmers’ advisory system called UshauriKilimo after being in use for more than 2 years by more than 700 farmers.

Knowledge management is considered as an essential factor for the sustainable development of enterprises in the agricultural context. A consecutive workshops were conducted for senior and junior agricultural extension workers (AEWs) of two Governorates of the Delta region namely: Beheira and Kafr-Elsheikh. A purposive sample of 11 senior AEWs and 20 junior AEWs was selected. The Wiig knowledge management model (KMM) of four stages was used to identify the knowledge management practices. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used for presenting interview responses and Chi Square Test was used to determine the differences between senior and junior AEWs regarding their responses .The most important results were: the respondents obtain explicit knowledge from the statistics department and pamphlets. Types of formulating and documenting knowledge were the periodical minutes and reports. The available knowledge was compatible with the farmers' problems. Remembering the explicit knowledge was facilitated by frequent use of the acquired knowledge. Explicit knowledge was kept on computer bases of the specialized departments. Aggregating and categorizing knowledge were rallying on personal efforts. The practical knowledge was provided through awareness-raising meetings with farmers. Significant differences were found between senior and junior AEWs regarding their responses concerning: obtaining the tacit knowledge, compatibility of knowledge with farmers' problems, and retrieving knowledge. Among the most important recommendations were: conducting training programs on knowledge management concept and practices for AEWs and establishing knowledge management units at the central and the two Governorates level. Some suggested recommendations are: forming specialized team to organize and document the tacit knowledge, allocating storage units for knowledge including new tools and the required electronic devices, coordinating research institutions with agricultural extension organizations in transferring farmers' problems through formal procedures, and supporting the provision of AESs and developing the evaluation methods of the provided services. These predictors, however, need further work to validate reliability.

The application of electronic management in the agricultural extension organization in Iraq has been studied through four fields in the application, as the form included four item, namely: scientific recommendation, extension activities, agricultural employees, and administrative affairs, to enhancing the ability to implement electronic management in the agricultural extension organization. This research was executed in the province of Iraq. The provinces It was divided into four regions, which is next: Northern, Central, Middle Euphrates, and Southern governorates, 4,4,4,3, respectively, the study was carried out of 400 agricultural employees, the a proportional sample of 50% from the total respondents, which included 16 extension centers, 57 extension farms, the Agricultural Extension and Training Department Center, The descriptive approach was used to achieve the objects of the research about the electronic management of the extension organization in Iraq, the data was collected using the questionnaire, for analyzed the data use the (Frequency, and percentage). the results showed that the application of electronic management in the agricultural extension organization is Weak, and a few departments, divisions, extension centers and extension farms of the agricultural extension organization use electronic management in performing agricultural extension activities to communicate scientific recommendations to farmers and deal with agricultural employees in modern management. the recommended to use electronic management in the agricultural extension organization to save time and effort in communicating agricultural scientific guidelines quickly and communicating what is modern to farmers in developing agricultural production.

In this paper, we revisit the contested issue of the impact of agricultural extension on farm production. We exploit two features of the data available to us: its longitudinal nature and explicit measures of farmer ability. We find that after controlling for innate productivity characteristics and farmer ability either using household fixed effects estimation, or by including a measure of farmer ability and village fixed effects, access to agricultural extension services, defined as receiving one or two visits per agricultural year, raises the value of crop production by about 15 per cent. This parameter estimate is statistically significant. However, we also find variability in these parameter estimates across individual crop years, with the impact being markedly different in drought and non-drought years. Collectively, these results suggest that although access to farm-level extension visits does increase productivity even after controlling for innate productivity characteristics and farmer ability, results from single-year cross-sectional studies should be treated with caution

Increasing knowledge of farming is essential in increasing goat production in the rural areas of Banjarnegara Regency. Increased knowledge come from many sources, such as extension and non-extension services (other farmers, books, and other government officials). Systematic efforts continue to increase agricultural extension workers' role in providing information and knowledge to goat farmers. This study aims to identify farmers' preference for the agricultural extension as a source of knowledge and analyze the factors that influence the selection of sources of information and knowledge. One hundred sixty goat farmers in Banjarnegara Regency were selected as respondents using a multistage sampling method. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. The analysis results showed that most of the goat farmers in Banjarnegara Regency (74.37 percent) preferred obtaining knowledge from non-extension sources. In other words, only a small proportion of goat farmers (25.63 percent) prefer to get information and knowledge from agricultural extension workers. Based on the logistic regression analysis, it was found that goat farmers' education and age of farmers were essential factors (P<0.05) in making decisions related to source in obtaining knowledge on raising goats from the agricultural extension or non-agricultural extension workers. Goat farmers in Banjarnegara Regency who have lower education prefer to get information related to goat farming from non-agricultural extension workers. Meanwhile, younger goat farmers tend to get information from non-agricultural extension workers. Therefore, agricultural extension workers have a more strategic role for goat farmers who have higher education and are more mature with adequate goat farming knowledge.

Journal of Applied IchthyologyVolume 31, Issue 6 p. 1002-1005 Short Communication Confirmation of induced hybrid from female ship sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris Lovetsky, 1828) and male Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii, Brandt, 1869) using microsatellite markers M. Hassanzadeh Saber, Corresponding Author M. Hassanzadeh Saber Genetics and Biotechnology Department, International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran Author's address: Mohammad Hassanzadeh Saber, Genetics & Biotechnology Department, International Sturgeon Research Institute, P. O. Box: 41635-3464, Rasht, Iran. E-mail: saber.merag@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorS. Baradaran Noveiri, S. Baradaran Noveiri Genetics and Biotechnology Department, International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, IranSearch for more papers by this authorM. Pourkazemi, M. Pourkazemi Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, IranSearch for more papers by this authorM. R. Nowruzfashkhami, M. R. Nowruzfashkhami Genetics and Biotechnology Department, International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, IranSearch for more papers by this authorM. Yarmohammadi, M. Yarmohammadi Genetics and Biotechnology Department, International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, IranSearch for more papers by this authorM. A. Salari Aliabadi, M. A. Salari Aliabadi Khorramshahr University of Marine Sciences and Technology, Khorramshahr, IranSearch for more papers by this authorH. Zolgharnein, H. Zolgharnein Khorramshahr University of Marine Sciences and Technology, Khorramshahr, IranSearch for more papers by this authorM. T. Ronagh, M. T. Ronagh Khorramshahr University of Marine Sciences and Technology, Khorramshahr, IranSearch for more papers by this author M. Hassanzadeh Saber, Corresponding Author M. Hassanzadeh Saber Genetics and Biotechnology Department, International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran Author's address: Mohammad Hassanzadeh Saber, Genetics & Biotechnology Department, International Sturgeon Research Institute, P. O. Box: 41635-3464, Rasht, Iran. E-mail: saber.merag@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this authorS. Baradaran Noveiri, S. Baradaran Noveiri Genetics and Biotechnology Department, International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, IranSearch for more papers by this authorM. Pourkazemi, M. Pourkazemi Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, IranSearch for more papers by this authorM. R. Nowruzfashkhami, M. R. Nowruzfashkhami Genetics and Biotechnology Department, International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, IranSearch for more papers by this authorM. Yarmohammadi, M. Yarmohammadi Genetics and Biotechnology Department, International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, IranSearch for more papers by this authorM. A. Salari Aliabadi, M. A. Salari Aliabadi Khorramshahr University of Marine Sciences and Technology, Khorramshahr, IranSearch for more papers by this authorH. Zolgharnein, H. Zolgharnein Khorramshahr University of Marine Sciences and Technology, Khorramshahr, IranSearch for more papers by this authorM. T. Ronagh, M. T. Ronagh Khorramshahr University of Marine Sciences and Technology, Khorramshahr, IranSearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 October 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12878Citations: 3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume31, Issue6December 2015Pages 1002-1005 RelatedInformation

the study aimed at analysing rice straw recycling problems according to IQ Matrix, indentifying the officials & executives' opinions and suggesting some extension activities based on the matrix results. A Random sample of 113 farmers was selected from three districts. Data were collected through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews during February and March 2018. The study revealed the following results: The problems of recycling rice straw started about 10 years ago. The most important aspects of these problems were high prices of the Compost & Non-Traditional Fodder inputs, high prices of machines, small agricultural & animals holdings sizes. The most positives aspects of the problems related to rice straw recycling were modification of the behaviour of the respondents, reducing the chemical fertilizers' cost, and recognizing the advantages of N.T.F.Farmer is the first affected one by the problems of recycling rice straw and the agricultural extension organization is the most important agency associated with these problems as well as agricultural cooperatives, Ministry of Environment and also private sector. The respondents have awareness of how the various organizations affect negatively or positively on the rice straw problems. Recently, both the agricultural extension workers and Ministry of Environment have significant role in the implementation of Compost & N.T.F. From the view points of officials and executive respondents a high attention should be paid to support the agricultural extension workers. Their most important suggestions were implementing extension activities regarding to rice straw recycling to raise the farmers' awareness according to the scientific principles. The most important suggestions to solve the rice straw recycling problems were supporting the agricultural cooperative with some machines, encouraging small farmers to form aggregates and conducting specialized training programs for agricultural extension workers.

The aim of this research to study the role of modern communication technologies in improving agricultural extension work in middle Iraqi governorates by providing infrastructure to use modern communication technologies in Agricultural extension work , support agricultural extension system to transform agricultural work to electronic government , electronic management of human resources , extension services introduced for the targeted people through internet and the contribution of modern communication technologies in improving agricultural work .The population of the research includes the middle region governorates numbered (8) governorates .Anbar and Tikret were excluded because of the security conditions in the time of data collection .Thus, the research society becomes (6) governorates .A random sample was taken from the governorates (67%) rate from (4) governorates ( Baghdad, Karbala , Babel , Dyala) .A random sample was taken in rate (40%) from agricultural extension agents distributed on the above mentioned governorates who numbered ( 135) out of (335) agricultural extension agents . In order to achieve the research objectives a questionnaire form designed to collect the data from agricultural extension agents .It includes (49) items in the field of modern communication technologies role .To analyses and introduce the results (SPSS) program used as well as the manual analyses .The following statistical methods were used : the frequencies , percentages , weighted average , weight percentage as well as (SPSS) program to measure Cronbach Coefficient .The results showed that if these technologies are available sufficiently it would lead to achieve the objectives .Also, the modern communication technologies are considered the widely applied methods in agricultural extension work .Also, there is agreement by the agricultural extension agents on the necessity of using modern communication technologies to develop agricultural extension work .Also, there is support from the agricultural extension system to transform agricultural extension work from traditional work to electronic government . This research concludes the necessity of providing modern technologies in all extension directories , centers , offices and farms in order to improve agriculture extension work in Iraq .Also, it recommends to establish wide information base related to extension work .Also, it recommends to invoke extension management to support the plans to modernize the communications methods that are used in extension work which fulfill the treatment of the huge amounts of available information for the agricultural extension product as well as making the necessary plans to rehabilitate and train the workers in the agricultural extension system to transform the traditional extension work to electronic government .

Extension activities play a significant role in the success of agricultural development programs. Farmers still need agricultural extension workers (EWs) in the form of assistance, technical guidance, and management intensively and continuously. With the limited number of government EWs, the role of independent agricultural extension (IAE) workers has become crucial. In Indonesia, IAE worker has been recognized since 2006, although it has not been effective. This article aims to: (1) identify conditions and characteristics of IAE and (2) analyze the influencing factors on the role of IAE officers in supporting agricultural extension. Data collection was carried out with a structured questionnaire using Google Forms involving 161 respondents. The analysis method uses inferential statistics, namely the structural equation modeling. The results showed that the factors that directly affect the role of IAE workers are work motivation and quantity or workload. The number of IAE workers directly influences their performance. A favorable working environment is required to achieve the ideal role of IAE workers. In addition, improvement of work management, horizontal and vertical relations, and regulations posit IAE workers as an essential part of agricultural extension activities. It is necessary to have a regional regulation that legalizes the allocation of regional budgets as regular incentives to facilitate the activities of agricultural EWs.

A weather-forecast driven early warning system for wheat blast disease: User-centered design, validation, and scaling in Bangladesh and Brazil.

The study aimed to identify the size of the challenges and obstacles facing the agricultural extension organization in the following areas (the approved extension approach, the organizational structure of the extension organization, the degree of centralization and decentralization, the use of communication technology and information systems, the organizational links and relationships with the relevant authorities, the development of human capabilities). The study identified the problems experienced by agricultural extension agents in the fields of work through the following areas (administrative and organizational problems, problems related to capabilities and facilities, psychological and social problems, financial problems), the study was conducted in the city of Baghdad and the research included all agricultural extension agents working in the extension and training department Agricultural and Extension Center in Baghdad, Training and Rehabilitation Center and Extension Centers working in the Directorate of Agriculture, if the research community totaled (114) respondents, the questionnaire form was used as a data collection tool and included three axes: The first axis included (60) items distributed over (6) areas that represent the challenges that The extension organization faces, and the second axis included (27) paragraphs distributed over four areas that represent the problems facing agricultural extension workers in the fields of work, while the third axis included (15) paragraphs that represent some proposals and solutions to face these challenges and problems. On a group of experts and specialists in the field of extension, and the stability of the research tool was confirmed, after the data collection process, the statistical program (SPSS) was used to analyze that data, and the study concluded the following results: The agricultural extension organization is facing today a set of challenges and obstacles that have an impact The actor on the workflow and implementation of agricultural extension programs and activities, and the agricultural extension workers working in the fields of work suffer from a number of problems and obstacles affecting the efficiency of performing extension tasks, and that the approach and extension approach adopted by the agricultural extension organization do not fit the requirements of the current stage, and that the organizational structure of the current extension organization It includes a lot of work problems and obstacles, and there is a clear deficiency in the delegation of powers, as it was found that there is a weakness in the level of use of that information and communication technology, and also a weakness in the strength of interdependence with the relevant authorities, and the study included some recommendations that would work to improve and develop the performance of the extension organization.