What Happens When Borders Reopen? Dematerialising the Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan Boundary

The outcome of the conflict in Ukraine will bring fundamental political, military, economic and social consequences, and define global and regional balance of power and fate of number of international organizations, including European Union and NATO. The aim of this paper is to analyze political and military consequences of the first year of the conflict in Ukraine for countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including the Baltic States and further development of trans-Atlantic link for European security, including development of NATO Alliance until 2030. Fundamentally different threat perception in Russian Federation and in NATO, EU countries, and Ukraine led to the beginning of military action of Russian Federation against Ukraine in February 24, 2022. Since then, military conflict in Ukraine has evolved into full-scale war on terrain of Ukraine, and increasingly negative escalation of political, military and economic relationships between Russian Federation and NATO, EU and other actors, bringing parties to nuclear standoff. War in Ukraine has brought substantial political and military endurance test for NATO and European Union. The immediate political consequences of the first year of war in Ukraine have been outlined in NATO Summit in Madrid in summer of 2022 and in NATO Agenda 2030. Continuation of NATO Open Door Policy has led to invitation of Finland and Sweden to join the Alliance thus fundamentally changing security environment in Central and Eastern Europe and the Baltic Sea Region. The Summit also declared to strengthen military posture on the Eastern flank of the Alliance thus countering hypothetical military threat of Russian Federation to the Baltic States and Central and Eastern European states. From the pure military perspective- NATO has substantially increased military support of Ukraine via creation of decision-making platform of Ramstein format as well as increasing understanding of NATO members for need to spend more resources allocated to defense. On the other hand, European Union has granted status of candidate for Ukraine, as well as provided continuous economic and financial support for Ukraine. Moreover, European Union has staged continuous and increasing policy of economic sanctions towards Russian Federation. However, despite substantial increase of political and military coherence and coordination of efforts of NATO and EU countries after the first year of the war in Ukraine, there are mounting challenges and risks. Firstly, increasing economic challenges in EU and NATO member- states which, subsequently, can lead to fundamental political consequences thus leading to diminished political and military support to Ukraine. Secondly, potential challenges for further military support of Ukraine and NATO Open Door Policy. NATO members- Turkey and Hungary-have different point of view on the enlargement of the Alliance and support of Ukraine. Thirdly, global and regional attitudes towards war in Ukraine and, predominantly, Western coalition of support for Ukraine. People’s Republic of China, India, Africa, Central and Latin America, other global and regional actors are mostly neutral towards war in Ukraine thus avoiding political and economic confrontation with Russian Federation. Yet another fundamental challenge: NATO countries are continuing to provide Ukraine with increasingly effective and sophisticated weapon systems which can lead to direct military confrontation between Russian Federation and NATO/The United States in 2023. Taking into account previously mentioned risks and challenges, it is obvious that there are several scenarios of development of war in Ukraine ranging from complete military victory for Ukraine and, subsequently, for the West to complete military victory of Russian Federation in Ukraine via long-term warfare of attrition.

In the schooling system there is still a perception with regard to the role of the school principals in facilitation change management. There is still some held belief that organisational modification can only yield results if lead by capable leaders. This paper reports on a study conducted at schools that were not performing prior to the leadership or principal change. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the leadership change in the school renewal among the teaching staff. The present study of principals’ influence in the schools renewal and reorganisation, to perform better in their respective academic duties, was conducted among nine high schools in the Free State province. Of these nine high schools, six of them have had a change in principals in the past two years. A total of 167 teaching staff were selected to participate in the study; from the sample size of 167 teaching staff, the response rate was 128 (76.2%). In order to obtain a holistic view of the overall leadership influence on organisation renewal in the school system, a multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) was used. As the methodological paradigm applied in this research is a survey method with the questionnaire constructed in the Likert-type approach, ranging from one to five, the study may be classified as quantitative research. Permission to conduct the study was requested from, and granted by the district management. Data analysis and interpretation were done using the interactive model of quantitative data analysis, which first involved sorting or sifting through the data and sequences. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequency. Findings of the study reveal that changes in the leadership brought about some new methods of supporting teamwork and the enthusiasm by the teachers to work hard. Trust, which the teachers had almost lost, was renewed through the appointment of the new principal. The study can finally confirm that, to a certain degree, change in the school leadership brings some organisational renewal, as the new leader motivated the majority of teachers. They felt that the new principal brought hope to the school, and for that matter, their commitment was renewed and they wanted to contribute more in the school environment. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n7p317

This basic qualitative study explored how educationalists in Canadian medical schools established and enacted their pedagogic leadership in curriculum change. Two research questions were formulated to accomplish this purpose: 1) how do educationalists establish their pedagogic leadership in Canadian medical schools for curriculum change, and 2) how do educationalists enact pedagogic leadership in medical schools during curriculum change? Data included eight semi-structured, in-depth interviews with educationalists from four medical schools in Canada. Data also included document analysis. Data analysis used procedures from constructivist grounded theory: constant comparison, memos, theoretical sensitivity, and initial and focused coding. Participants represented a range of demographics: medical school, years in position, gender, graduate degrees, and leadership position. Findings show that to establish pedagogic leadership, participants needed to gain access to the community, learn its rules, and accumulate sufficient capital. Once established, participants chose how to enact it. Choices were influenced by personal motivations, organizational climate, and risks associated with enacting leadership. When enacting leadership, participants led curriculum change directly and formally, in ways visible to others (choosing to speak loudly). They also enacted pedagogic leadership that was informal, indirect, and often invisible (choosing to speak softly). Regardless of choice, participants used a responsive approach that was collaborative and flexible. From these findings, three conclusions were drawn. First, to establish pedagogic leadership in medical schools, educationalists must accumulate sufficient capital. Second, before enacting leadership, educationalists evaluate their options for enacting leadership in change. Third, educationalists provide pedagogic leadership to catalyze curriculum change. However, in that process, they must remain responsive to the context in which they act.--Author's abstract

With Lee Hsien Loong's ascendancy to the prime ministership of Singapore, there has been a general recognition that whilst this heralded a change in generational leadership, little expectation exists that any fundamental political change will take place. This paper argues that, rather than examining the current actors for signs of political change, economic changes within the Singaporean economy are a more fruitful source of political change analysis. By political change the author does not mean any diminishing of the dominance of the People's Action Party, but a change in the ‘type’ of political actors that will be required to ensure Singapore's future economic success.

Schumpeter's “creative destruction” theory has revealed that innovations in capitalism create a systemic internal renewal process and that the resulting innovations may have social and political consequences. For this reason, Schumpeter's theory of creative destruction provides an excellent framework for understanding the transformation process towards artificial intelligence technologies that are being experienced today. This study examines the economic, political, and social consequences of artificial intelligence technologies based on Schumpeter's theory of creative destruction. As a result, artificial intelligence is a milestone in terms of the technological changes that humanity has faced. Innovations that replaced human labour in the Industrial Revolution have gained the ability to replace humans with artificial intelligence. For this reason, Schumpeter's theory of creative destruction is vital in understanding the consequences that artificial intelligence technologies will bring.

The economic reform in Czechoslovakia, in the form it existed at the beginning of 1969, was the result of a gradual development. Its progress was furthered by political events, primarily the change in political leadership and the Soviet led invasion in August 1968. These events radicalised the reformers; they naturally tried to utilise the change in political leadership for a more consistent reform and, after the occupation of Czechoslovakia, attempted to democratise the management structure, as, inter alia, a defence against interference in the reform. Needless to say, the economic reform made some contribution to these political events.

Relations between the United States of America and China are marked by cooperation and rivalry in terms of the qualitative change of security structures in the global dimension in the 21st century, which translates into political, social and, above all, economic issues, to which the logic of conflict between Washington and Beijing is closely related. China is a global economic superpower and is able to economically challenge the U.S., which has political consequences in terms of a possible change of leadership in the international context, towards a relative weakening of the U.S. position and a significant strengthening of the status of China, which is guided by the philosophy of Confucianism and the concept of the “long march” for dominance in the modern world, which – as economic determinants show – is very successful, given the phenomenon of its expansion in Asia, Africa and South America. The main intention and purpose of this paper are to present the complex topic of security structures in the global dimension, indicating the wide range of multifaceted U.S.-Chinese rivalry, attempting to diagnose the international situation and the formation of a specific new dimension of security since the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries (until 2019), determining the economy, politics and society.

This article views the renewed attacks on white-owned commercial farms in the South African Free State as a recrudescence of a broader ethnographic history of conflict over territory, boundaries, and borders among a complex interfacing of ethnic and political groupings; principally the Basotho, Afrikaner settlers, and colonial British. The argument discusses disjunct or opposing conceptions held by blacks and whites of rights to occupy, dispose of, and exercise authority over territory along the Caledon River border. The conflicts ‐ internecine, inter-communal, military and diplomatic ‐ that resulted reveal underlying narrations of land and life along the Caledon border that are as disjunct as the political cultures and racial preconceptions and instrumentalities that gave rise to them. The paper excavates patterns of cross-racial and cross-border cooperation as well as conflict, and argues that establishing a dialogue amongst these monologic cultural narrations, creating a sense of shared storytelling and hence experience across racial as well as political boundaries and borders, might suggest a way forward for a region still troubled by a cross-racial violence with roots deep in both popular history and cultural memory. Analytically, the paper draws comparatively on interdisciplinary cultural studies of the United States-Mexico border, and in focusing on the role of popular narration makes a further contribution to 'border studies' as a field that crosses disciplinary boundaries as well.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how change leadership activities help bring about employee support for planned organizational change.Design/methodology/approachUsing a non-experimental quantitative research design, and a self-administered Likert-type questionnaire survey, the study sourced data from employees in an organization undergoing significant change. Data analysis was by structural equation modeling (SEM).FindingsChange leadership behaviors bearing on; visioning, communication, participation, support and concern for change participants' interests were found to be of significant importance in ensuring employee buy-in and support for planned change efforts. Although change leadership had no direct effect on employees' behavioral intentions to support change, it was strongly related to employee cognitive appraisal of change. The relationship between change leadership and employee behavioral intentions to support planned change was serially mediated by employee cognitive appraisal and emotional response toward the planned change event.Practical implicationsIn appraising planned organizational change efforts, managers tend to focus on employee behaviors toward the change instead of conditions that drive such behaviors. This study underscores the need to focus on employee attitudes as precursors to desired behavior toward change.Originality/valuePrior research suggests that change leadership behaviors affect employee attitudinal reactions to change but yet lacked empirical validation. By applying a multidimensional approach to attitude and investigating its hierarchy of effects, this study enhanced our accuracy in explaining the influence change leadership has on employee attitudinal support for change.

««Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Право» — международный научно-теоретический рецензируемый журнал, публикующий материалы в следующих рубриках: Публичное и частное право: прикладные исследования Криминология Криминалистика Судебная экспертиза Исследования права с позиций социальных и гуманитарных (неюридических) наук Правовая жизнь: научно-практические заключения, комментарии и обзоры Сравнительное право Зарубежное право

Representations of critical geography and border studies have developed concepts and methodologies for exploring the multifaceted and contradictory image of contemporary borders. Artists, scholars and social activists show increased interest in the narrative and visual documenting of border’s closures. The border’s visuality becomes a supporting argument for dissent and protest, giving the ‘visual evidence’ of the extremely quick border’s re-territoriality. As a result, important events allow one ‘to extracts sameness even from what is unique’ (W. Benjamin). The mass migration and the pandemic return us to the reality of the human world with their non-freedom and illness. In the migration case, Europe has dealt with an ‘alien body’, and in the pandemic, with an ‘infected or sick body’. The relationship between the image and the viewer is an important starting point in the representation of mass migration and pandemic. Mitchell’s metaphor of ‘live images’ help us better understand the sense and reasons of new biological and politic events. Nowadays, the development, materialisation, and embodiment of European borders are the stable visual symbol of our existence.

Changes in technology and ownership in international shipping are generating economic and political consequences which need consideration by policymakers. These changes are part cause and part consequence of the dramatic growth in world trade until the early 1970s. Introduction of container technology in the 1960s, based on standardization reducing cargo handling time and enabling multimodal services, has been the major change in liner shipping this century. Realization of the gains from scale economies requires cooperation between shipping lines; anti‐monopoly policy should allow for this, not impose blanket regulations. In the bulker and tanker markets, too, new technology and optimistic cargo projections meant heavy investment from the mid‐1960s. The collapse of both markets after the 1973 oil shock brought State support for shipyards, encouraging more containership orders and extending oversupply to containerships. Weak freight rates encouraged Western shipowners to reduce crew costs, often b...

After over two decades of prolonged economic growth, Spain suffered its worst economic crisis in decades between 2008 and 2014. The political, social, and economic consequences of this crisis were very severe: unemployment increased sharply reaching over 27 per cent; inequalities deepened; and the two-party political system was transformed by the emergence of new parties. The implementation of structural reforms, which intensified as a result of the European Union financial sector bailout of 2012, led to economic recovery. As a result, credit was restored, strong economic growth resumed, and the political system did not implode. Yet, persistently high unemployment (particularly as regards youth and long-term) as well as inequality (and to a certain extent poverty) still persist a decade after the crisis. This chapter looks at the genesis of the crisis and examines the responses to the crisis, as well as its economic, social, and political consequences.

The article analyses refugee impact on economic development of host countries. About two-thirds of all international migrants reside in 20 countries. Total number of refugees in the world was estimated at 19.5 million people in 2014, the number of refugees reached the highest level since World War II. Unlike the voluntary migration, the vast majority of refugees head towards developing countries. It must be stressed that forced migration flows generate significant negative political and economic consequences for the world as a whole. Forced migrants tend to come to those regions where there are no significant employment opportunities. The assumption that receiving a large number of migrants by developed countries may cause unemployment or reduce wages or leads to a significant increase in the cost of public finances due to the rise in social payments is largely unconfirmed. Forced migration being poorly guided, as it is an intrinsic feature of today's stage, creates significant negative externalities to neighbouring regions and the world at large. There is a sizeable difference between forced and voluntary migration for their economic and political consequences. In terms of economic prospects, the difference between forced and voluntary migration should disappear over time. The paper studied the mismatch of supply and demand for certain skills on the labour market that is much more of a problem for developing countries because they receive large volumes of refugees in relation to the total population of their countries and have far fewer opportunities for leveling the imbalance in the economy by attracting additional amount of capital.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how employee perceptions of change and leadership might impact work engagement following major organizational change.Design/methodology/approachSocial media invited US workers recently experiencing major organizational change to anonymously complete a web-based survey requesting qualitative and quantitative responses. Values-based coding and thematic analysis were used to explore qualitative data. Hierarchical and linear regression, and bootstrapped mediation were used to analyze quantitative data.FindingsAnalysis of qualitative data identified employees’ perceptions of ideal change and ideal leadership were well supported in the change leadership literature. Analysis of quantitative data indicated that employee perceptions of leadership fully mediated the relationship between employee perceptions of change and work engagement.Practical implicationsStudy findings imply that how employees perceive change is explained by how they perceive leadership during change, and that these perceptions impact work engagement. Although these findings appear commonsensical, the less than stellar statistics on major organizational change may encourage leaders to become more follower-focused throughout the change process.Originality/valueThe study makes a contribution to an understudied area of organizational research, specifically applied information processing theory. This is the first study that identifies employee perceptions of leadership as a mediator for perceptions of change and work engagement. From a value perspective, leaders as successful change agents recognize significant cost savings in dollars and human welfare by maintaining healthy workplaces with highly engaged workers.