Abstract
Although electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) has been utilized in various haptic interfaces , haptic sense induced by EMS does not satisfactorily provide the full spectrum of haptic events. To enhance pseudo-haptic feedback provided via EMS, we incorporated visual feedback and examined the effect of such feedback on the pseudo-haptic feedback induced by EMS. Results showed that the perceived forces in the electrical stimulation with visual feedback were larger than the force exerted in the sole electrical stimulation. That is, it is suggested that the pseudo-haptic feedback can be enhanced and controlled by the addition of the visual feedback.
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