We, the People, Have the Power: Initiating and Sustaining Constructive Programs

Construction education is dynamic and practice oriented. As such, effective construction programs require significant collaboration with the construction industry. This collaboration, in the form of internship or cooperative programs, increase the student readiness for the job market by providing valuable field experience. Construction programs in the United States (US) established several internship requirements that range from being optional to multiple required internships. This study focuses on scanning the current internship requirements set by construction and engineering technology programs in the US by gathering information including; 1) Number and length of required internships, 2) Internship prerequisites, 3) Internship deliverables, 4) assessment method. The outcome of this study is expected to help construction programs improve their internship or cooperative requirements by considering the prevailing practices developed by other schools. Additionally, the study provides recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of internship for positive experiential learning.

Construction education is dynamic and practice oriented. As such, effective construction programs require significant collaboration with the construction industry. This collaboration, in the form of internship or cooperative programs, increase the student readiness for the job market by providing valuable field experience. Construction programs in the United States (US) established several internship requirements that range from being optional to multiple required internships. This study focuses on scanning the current internship requirements set by construction and engineering technology programs in the US by gathering information including; 1) Number and length of required internships, 2) Internship prerequisites, 3) Internship deliverables, 4) assessment method. The outcome of this study is expected to help construction programs improve their internship or cooperative requirements by considering the prevailing practices developed by other schools. Additionally, the study provides recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of internship for positive experiential learning.

: The National Software Works (NSW) is a facility, resident on the Arpanet, intended to support the construction, use, maintenance, modification, verification, and storage of programs and bodies of information on which these programs operate. It is principally aimed at the construction of programs and at providing software tools which can be used in the construction activity. NSW is intended to facilitate both the administrative and technical aspects of these activities. Thus, it provides mechanisms for the exercise of fiscal and access control in the operation of a programming project, and also access and storage conveniences to programmers for the management of their files. The salient factor in the conception of NSW is the expectation that the hardware, software, and human resources needed for the execution of a task may be geographically and administratively dispersed, although connected through the network. Tools whose use is to be coordinated may be resident at different computer installations, possibly under the control of different organizations.

Structure editors make syntax errors impossible, but they still allow construction of programs with incomplete semantics, leading to program states that cannot be evaluated. We introduce a structure editor calculus for a simple functional programming language that allows for incomplete programs. Our editor expressions may interleave construction and evaluation of programs and can thus describe the history of the development of a program. We extend our editor calculus with types and define a resource-aware type system that prohibits editor expressions introducing type errors in the abstract syntax tree and prove that the type system is sound.

A sizable body of research on instructional practices supports the use of worked examples for acquiring cognitive skills in domains such as mathematics and physics. Although examples are also important in the domain of programming, existing research on programming examples is limited. Program examples are used by instructors to achieve two important goals: to explain program behavior and to demonstrate program construction patterns. Program behavior examples are used to demonstrate the semantics of various program constructs (i.e., what is happening inside a program or an algorithm when it is executed). Program construction examples illustrate how to construct a program that achieves a specific purpose. While both functions of program examples are important for learning, most of the example-focused research in computer science education focused on technologies for augmenting program behavior examples such as program visualization, tracing tables, etc. In contrast, advanced technologies for presenting program construction examples were rarely explored. This work introduces interactive Program Construction Examples (PCEX) to begin a systematic exploration of worked-out program construction examples in the domain of computer science education. A classroom evaluation and analysis of the survey data demonstrated that the usage of PCEX examples is associated with better student's learning and performance.

Many optimization algorithms that imitate certain principles of nature have been proven useful in various application domains. The following paper shows how Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) can be applied to model (program) construction for solving the discrete time system identification problem. Non-linear system identification is used as an example problem domain for studying possibilities of EA to discover the relationship between parameters in response to a given set of inputs.

COVID-19 impacted academia across the globe. Given the scale and sudden pandemic onset, limited empirical studies identify the transition’s impact on the US construction educators and education imparted. The study determined the pedagogical responses of educators associated with construction programs within the US during COVID-19 and tested six relationships in the areas of university support, technological access and infrastructure, and educator proficiency improvements. An online survey method was utilized with the instrument emailed to nearly 1,883 educators associated with construction programs/departments across the US. The study used 163 complete responses from US educators based on predefined parameters and identified the baseline operational paradigm (pre-COVID) for construction educators and programs across the US. The study determined the changes after the transition and investigated the impacts of the transition on faculty proficiency with online teaching, existing technological infrastructure, and communication with students. The study identified a moderate relationship between the University’s level of support and educators’ experiences in developing and delivering online materials during the transition. A moderate relationship was also identified between proficiency with online content delivery and total teaching experience. Finally, only a few respondents felt construction education could be delivered entirely online, based on their experiences.

In the midst of the present social upheaval, one may well wonder the position physicians will eventually occupy in the cosmic scheme. Intelligent observers inform us that the answer depends entirely on our own conduct—the mass conduct inherent in intelligent organization. If physicians are to assume that leadership essential to sane medical progress, they must evolve an outline of purposes, a constructive forward-looking program of things to be done, of channels through which cooperation must flow toward their leadership. This constructive program must be so wisely planned and so faithfully followed by all worth-while physicians that at least the intelligent element of public opinion will go with it. Individually, physicians are in better position than at any previous time, and there is nothing in sight to indicate a serious disturbance of mutually beneficial relationship between the adequately educated intelligent physician and his intelligent client who chooses his health adviser and

• There is an imperative need for leadership by the medical profession in programing all categories of health facilities at the community level. Funds have been authorized for hospitals and related health facilities, for nursing homes, for diagnostic and treatment centers, for ambulatory patients, and for rehabilitation facilities by virtue of the Hospital Survey and Construction (Hill-Burton) Program instituted in 1946 and the Medical Facilities Survey and Construction Amendments of 1954. The total annual authorization of this program is 210 million dollars. The actual annual appropriations have averaged about one-half of the authorization. The total estimated cost of the 2,905 projects approved (May, 1956) amounted to 2.284 billion dollars. The federal contribution is 740 million and is matched by sponsor's funds amounting to 1.544 billion dollars. The current estimated bed deficit in the United States and territories, as reflected by the official Hill-Burton state plans, is 850,000 beds. Developments under this program have been substantial but slow. The public health physician and the private practitioner form the team to which the citizens look for guidance in these matters.

The Mates in Construction (MATES) program was developed to address the issue of high suicide rates among males in the Australian construction industry. The program delivers early intervention training and support to construction workers. This mixed-methods study aimed to (1) examine the effectiveness of training for MATES connectors and (2) examine the barriers, motivations and pathways to help-seeking and help-offering for both MATES connectors and clients. A total of 104 volunteers completed a short survey before and after connector training sessions. Quantitative data analysis showed significant increases in connectors’ self-reported suicide awareness, and willingness to offer help to workmates and seek help themselves. For the qualitative component, 27 connectors and clients participated in focus groups and individual interviews. Thematic analysis identified six themes from the connectors’ data: awareness, skills and confidence; removing stigma; making a difference; simplicity of the model; understanding the industry; and visibility, camaraderie and passion. For clients, three key themes emerged: barriers and pathways to help-seeking; speaking the same language; and flow-on effects. The results provide evidence for the effectiveness of connector training and indicate that MATES’s peer support model is enabling workers to overcome traditional barriers and attitudes to seeking and offering help.

Purpose The purpose of the study is to explore the dominant ideas in research on the management of time in construction. The focus of research has been to improve techniques for optimising the timing and sequence of activities. Design/Methodology/Approach A critical review of research on construction time management, challenging the typical focus. We examine the assumptions different authors make, underline the limitations of the dominant research approaches and examine the prospects for developing a new approach to researching these issues. Findings The dominant approach in literature focuses on unique activity traits in construction planning and measurable patterns between time-related variables. This assumes that time in construction can be managed by changing the way activities are calculated. These approaches have not been correlated with improvement in performance. Social practice theory may help to explain how programmes figure as one of many objects used during construction. Research Limitations/Implications The focus is on reviewing indicative literature from key journals in construction management. The implication is that research is needed about how such documents are used in practice, which goes further than optimising plans in theory. Practical Implications Future research could focus on understanding the context of construction planning practice and shift the debate from a focus on optimisation to practice. Originality/Value An interpretivist approach with a focus on how tools such as planning documents are used on site. Social practice theory may provide a clearer explanation of the place of construction planning within the practice of construction management. This could provide solutions that deal effectively with stakeholder expectations around timely completion of construction projects.

Metaprograms are programs that manipulate (generate, analyze and evaluate) other programs. These tasks are greatly facilitated by quasiquotation, a technique to construct and deconstruct program fragments using quoted code templates expressed in the syntax of the manipulated language. We argue that two main flavors of quasiquotes have existed so far: Lisp-style quasiquotes, which can both construct and deconstruct programs but may produce code that contains type mismatches and unbound variables; and MetaML-style quasiquotes, which rely on static typing to prevent these errors, but can only construct programs. In this paper, we show how to combine the advantages of both flavors into a unified framework: we allow the construction, deconstruction and evaluation of program fragments while ensuring that generated programs are well-typed and well-scoped, a combination unseen in previous work. We formalize our approach as λ {} , a multi-stage calculus with code pattern matching and rewriting, and prove its type safety. We also present its realization in Squid, a metaprogramming framework for Scala, leveraging Scala’s expressive type system. To demonstrate the usefulness of our approach, we introduce speculative rewrite rules , a novel code transformation technique that makes decisive use of these capabilities, and we outline how it simplifies the design of some crucial query compiler optimizations.

The paper presents a method proposal of how to use product measures and defect data to enable understanding and identification of design and programming constructs that contribute more than expected to the defect statistics. The paper describes a method that can be used to identify the most defect-prone design and programming constructs and the method proposal is illustrated on data collected from a large software project in the telecommunication domain. The example indicates that it is feasible, based on defect data and product measures, to identify the main sources of defects in terms of design and programming constructs. Potential actions to be taken include less usage of particular design and programming constructs, additional resources for verification of the constructs and further education into how to use the constructs.

This research is focused on how to support students’ acquisition of program construction skills through worked examples. Although examples have been consistently proven to be valuable for student’s learning, the learning technology for computer science education lacks program construction examples with interactive elements that could engage students. The goal of this work is to investigate the value of the “engaging” features in programming examples. We introduce PCEX, an online tool developed to present program construction examples in an engaging fashion. We also present the results of a controlled study with a between-subject design that was conducted in a large introductory Python programming class to compare PCEX with non-interactive worked examples focused on program construction. The results of our study show the positive impact of interactive program construction examples on student’s engagement, problem-solving performance, and learning.

A complex construction program usually consists of a group of interrelated projects with different levels of importance and degrees of certainty. Currently, time management of a construction program uses the same techniques as those for a single project, and the most commonly used technique is the critical path method (CPM). However, the CPM method lacks flexibility in handling uncertainties and options, a desirable feature in managing complex programs. This paper proposes a new scheduling method that is drawn from the authors’ experiences of managing a large-scale construction program—the Shanghai Expo facility construction. The new method is developed on the basis of the traditional CPM method but is able to incorporate options and importance levels into the program schedule. The theoretical basis and calculation method of this new scheduling technique are discussed in the context of managing the Shanghai Expo facility construction program. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge in cons...