Abstract
The presence of drugs and their metabolites in surface waters and municipal effluents has been reported in several studies, but its impacts on aquatic organisms are not yet well understood. This study investigated the effects of acute exposure to the antipsychotic risperidone on the stress and behavioral responses in zebrafish. It became clear that intermediate concentration of risperidone inhibited the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis and displayed anxiolytic-like effects in zebrafish. The data presented here suggest that the presence of this antipsychotic in aquatic environments can alter neuroendocrine and behavior profiles in zebrafish.
Highlights
The contamination of water resources like natural water bodies or urban effluents by pharmaceutical drugs and/or its metabolites has been reported since the 1970’s, increasing the concern with health consequences for human population as well as for the aquatic life [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
Significant effects were observed in the analysis restricted to non-stressed animals, but cortisol levels in these groups are within the normal range reported in the literature
We showed that acute exposure to an intermediate concentration of risperidone of 170 μg/L impaired the stress axis response, since the exposed zebrafish had lower cortisol levels than control fish, when exposed to an acute stress challenge
Summary
The contamination of water resources like natural water bodies or urban effluents by pharmaceutical drugs and/or its metabolites has been reported since the 1970’s, increasing the concern with health consequences for human population as well as for the aquatic life [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, has high affinity for serotonin type 2 (5-HT2) and dopamine type 2 (D2) receptors. This drug is widely used for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In people with schizophrenia in maintenance treatment, risperidone induces relatively few extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS), especially less akathisia and tremor, as compared to typical antipsychotic haloperidol. Due to its high prescription rates and off-label uses [10,11,12,13], risperidone has been detected in urban water wastes [3].
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