Water resources of Azerbaijan and biosecurity

The 26th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP26) highlighted the importance of nuclear techniques in mitigating the impact of climate change on water resources, and improvements in water efficiency were considered an important step towards the achievement of the COP26 goals. We selected the super-efficiency SBM method to measure water resource utilization efficiency between the period of 2007 and 2020, and we focused on the relationship between the digital economy and water resource use efficiency (WRE). Conclusions as follows: (1) China's water resource use efficiency value is 0.441. The water resource use efficiency in the eastern region is the highest, and that in the western region is the lowest. (2) The digital economy can significantly promote the improvement of water resource use efficiency in the whole country and the eastern region. The impact of the digital economy on water resource use efficiency in the central region is not significant, and that in the western region is inhibitory. (3) In addition to the central region, environmental regulations in the east, west, and the whole country have made positive contributions to the efficiency of green water resource use. (4) Economic development promotes WRE in the whole country, the east, and the middle, but not in the west. The impact of industry on WRE is always negative. The impact of technological progress on WRE in the central and western regions and the whole country is not significant, but the impact in the eastern region is positive. The level of opening to the outside world has no significant impact on the WRE of the eastern region, but negative impact on the WRE of other regions. Abundance of water resources has a negative impact on WRE in all regions.

In recent years, more efficient and positive use of current water resources together with global warming becomes important. New technologies and ideas have been developed for many years to optimal use of water resources especially in agricultural field. Growers irrigate their own areas uniformly. However demand of water, fertilizer and agricultural chemicals are different for each trees or crops depending on plant ages and chemical content of soil. Determination of water demand for crops and trees is important to protect fresh water resources. In this study, a prototype of solar powered, low cost, remote controlled real time monitoring irrigation system was designed to control drip irrigation. Software (ValCon, developed by authors with C# language in Visual Studio.Net 2008 editor) was developed to control irrigation valve and monitor water content of soil. Control method of irrigation (automatic or manual) can be selected by users. Only water content of soil was monitored. Nevertheless by using sensors which measure other features of water or air, it is also possible to extend the designed system. Remote controlled site-specific irrigation scheme prevents moisture stress of trees and salification besides providing the efficient use of fresh water resources. Also, this irrigation method removes labour that is needed for flooding irrigation.

Today, due to global climate change, the demand for irrigation water is growing in every part of the world, so the rational use of available water resources requires the management of water resources through water-saving technologies. It is necessary to analyze data on the rational management and efficient use of limited water resources in the country, to continuously increase the efficiency of water resources in the field, to expand the use of water-saving irrigation technologies and their application in production, and to eliminate excess water loss.

The impact of water rights trading on water resource use efficiency: Evidence from China's water rights trading pilots

Qu, S.; Lv, J., and Liu, J., 2020. Visualization analysis for global water resources based on digital earth. In: Hu, C. and Cai, M. (eds.), Geo-informatics and Oceanography. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 105, pp. 47–50. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The rapid growth of population has placed continuous increasing pressure on water resources. It is of great significance for the sustainable development of water resources to make rational use of limited water resources and to give full play to the maximum use efficiency of water resources. To make rational use of water resources and to protect them, effective monitoring and management of water resources must be performed. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new method of global water resources monitoring and management, that is, the visual analysis method of global water resources based on digital earth. Through the three-dimensional digital modeling of global water resources, the visual analysis of global water resources is realized, including the distribution of water resources, water area, water resources depth, pollution degree, and other visual analysis, which provides effective means and decision-making basis for water resources monitoring and management.

Water is a vital resource for all living things (people, ecosystems, economic development, energy production, national security). Coordination and harmony in spatial and intersectoral planning and decision-making processes can be achieved through the rational and sustainable use of water resources. Protection and sustainable use of water resources is extremely important. Nowadays, problems such as drought and water pollution arise due to global warming and increasing environmental pollution. This situation reduces drinking water resources. Serious measures need to be taken worldwide to ensure the continuity of life protect water resources from drought and keep them clean. Techniques used to evaluate the potential of water resources, which have become increasingly important in recent years, and to create conscious use of water resources, require effective data systems. Currently used systems do not represent very large areas. For this reason, it is necessary to develop representative methods by integrating the data received from ground stations and the parameters of remote sensing techniques. Many extensions of the programs, which are widely used in the world and evaluated using Geographic Information System (GIS) supported Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods in database studies for the use of water resources, are extremely useful for basin modeling. The purpose of this study; It is a study on the potential of GIS-based multivariate statistics for evaluating the use and sustainability of water resources and the use of water stored in a geographical database.

Conjunctive use of water resources for sustainable irrigated agriculture

The paper offers analysis of a right to existential use of water resources (public waterways and water recipients) by owners of agricultural law located immediately next to these types of water resources. This right covers the right to drinkable water, livestock drinking water and basic irrigation without a use of special irrigation equipment. The right-holder of the listed types of the use of water resources is different from the right-holder of the general use of water resources. In the earlier case the right-holder is the owner of the riparian agricultural land. The holder of the general right of use may be any person, under equal terms, regardless of whether he owns agricultural or other type of land next to the waterway. The right of the riparian land owners differs from the general right of use because they enjoy priority over the right of use by other persons holding general rights of use over waterways. The water rights of riparian land owners overlaps with the general right of use in that it covers the use of water for existential needs. The rights of the riparian land owner are different from the so called special or commercial use of water resources (use of water and water power for commercial purposes, such as production of electrical power, etc.). The difference is that the rights of the riparian land owners is derived directly from the law, without the need for any action by the state organs (water resource permits) and is free of charge. On the other hand, the right to commercial use of public water resources is always based on water use permits or approvals and concession agreements and is associated with a fee payable to the owners of the public water resource.

In this article, the concept of offenses related to violation of the requirements of legal documents on the use of water resources of farms and the content of their types are studied. In this article, the author explained the requirements and rules for the state implementation of environmental control of violations of the requirements of legal documents on the use of water resources by farms. This article examines the content and legal significance of environmental control of state and public environmental control in the field of rational use of water resources by farms. In this article, the author has shown that the decisions and decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan play an important role in improving environmental control. In this sense, environmental control is thought about ensuring the rational use of nature and harmful effects on the environment. State control over the use and protection of water and water resources of farms is proposed to be carried out by local state authorities, the State Committee for Ecology and Environmental Protection, the Inspection of Control over the Agro-Industrial Complex under the Cabinet of Ministers, and the Ministry of Water Management in accordance with the law.

It is important to analyze the efficiency of agricultural water and land resources utilization in macro-regions from the perspective of synergistic inputs and "economic-social-ecological" benefits for the sustainability of agricultural production. This paper clarified the connotation of agricultural water and land resources use efficiency by combining the broad concept of water resources and the characteristics of "multiple inputs - multiple outputs" in agricultural production, constructed the Super-SBM(Super slacks based measure) model and Super-Undesirable-SBM(Super undesirable slacks based measure) model using data envelopment analysis to measure the production allocation efficiency. The Super-SBM model and Super-Undesirable-SBM model were used to measure the efficiency of agricultural water and land resources utilization of the concept. Agricultural water and land resources utilization efficiency without considering ecological benefits (WLUE), agricultural water and land resources utilization efficiency with considering ecological benefits (WLUEE), water resource utilization efficiency loss (WUEL) and arable land resource utilization efficiency loss (LUEL) were measured for 51 counties in the study area, taking the Shandong Yellow Diversion Irrigation District as an example. By comparing and analyzing the WLUE and WLUEE measurement results, WUEL and LUEL decomposition results, the characteristics of agricultural water and soil resource utilization and the size difference of the two resource utilization efficiency losses in each county of the study area were revealed, and the counties of the study area were classified into four types: green and efficient production type, ordinary efficient production type, green and inefficient production type and ordinary inefficient production type. This paper proposed targeted improvement measures for agricultural soil and water resource use efficiency in each county and a new perspective for the study of agricultural soil and water resource utilization efficiency. The research results are conducive to promoting the sustainable development of agricultural production in the study area.

The goal is to study the impact of the process of uniting small businesses in agricultural cooperatives on the effective use of land, water and other resources of the village. Methods - monographic, computational and constructive, analytical, economic and statistical, as well as a questionnaire survey of agricultural producers who participated in the trainings of the Project on the improvement of irrigation and drainage systems (PIID-2). Results - the practice of developing cooperation of small farms in the republic over the past ten years since the adoption of the new law "On agricultural cooperatives" shows that the creation of agricultural cooperatives for primary processing of milk, meat through the organization of cooperative milk collection points, slaughterhouses, vegetable and potato storage facilities contributed to the improvement of the infrastructure of the movement of products from producer to consumer, expansion of agribusiness in the countryside. This, in turn, made it possible to increase the income and employment of the rural population. However, agricultural cooperatives for production of agricultural products, especially crop production, the joint use of land, agricultural machinery, irrigation and drainage systems, were underdeveloped, which is explained by the more complex process of merging farms into these cooperation models. It is noted that the provided public support measures were largely aimed at subsidizing, investment subsidizing of technological equipment, and concessional lending mainly for livestock farms, while sufficient incentives were not provided for crop production farms. Conclusions - the need for a priority direction has been justified - the creation of agricultural cooperatives focused on the collective use of land, machinery, irrigation and drainage networks, allowing increasing the yield of crops, and restoring irrigated land. PIID-2 meets one of the key principles of the Concept of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the transition to "green" economy - the efficient use of water resources.

This paper presents distinctive features, total usage, and the potential of water resources of Azerbaijan. The agreements on use of water resources of the transboundary rivers are described and characterized. Rational use and protection of transboundary water resources require specific actions.

The Yongding River basin is an important water conservation and ecological barrier area in the Northwest of Hebei Province. Reduced runoff and deterioration of the water environment in this area have become increasingly prominent under the effects of climate change and intensive human activities. Clarifying the chemical characteristics and factors of surface water and groundwater in the upper Yongding River basin can provide data and support for the sustainable use of water resources. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen (δ2H and δ18O) were used to study the sources of surface water and groundwater. Mathematical statistics and hydrogeochemical methods were then used to analyze the regional hydrogeochemical processes and factors of surface water and groundwater. The results showed that precipitation was the main source of surface water and groundwater. Under the effects of natural factors and human activities, the Yang River and Sanggan River basins exhibited significant differences in surface water chemistry. The sub-basins were ranked by ion concentration as follows: Sanggan River>Yang River. The main cation and anions of the Sanggan River basin were Na+, Cl-, and SO42-, while in the Yang River basin, Ca2+ and HCO3- were the most common. The water chemistry of the Sanggan River exhibited greater variation than that of the Yang River. Surface water chemistry were mainly controlled by mineral dissolution and evaporation, but human activities were reflected in different sub-basins. Surface water in the Sanggan River basin was affected by industrial wastewater discharge, while that of the Yang River basin was affected by agricultural production and cities. However, the continuous increase of Cl- and SO42- concentrations, caused by industrial wastewater discharge and acid rain, was the limiting factor for sustainable use of surface water resources. In future, surface water in Sanggan River basin should be used with consideration to the effects of both total salinity and chemical composition of the water, while in Yang River, a focus should be placed on total salinity. The use of surface water resources in accordance with local conditions is an effective measure for the sustainable use of water resources and the restoration of groundwater levels in this region.

Efficient Use of Water Resources in Agriculture

The article studies one of the basic definitions of International Water Law – “transboundary waters”. It is noted the altered priorities of the use of water resources as well as new methods used in the natural sciences, especially in the hydrology, have an impact on the content of this definition. It is investigated the correlation of such definitions as “transboundary waters”, “transboundary watercourses”, “international watercourses”, “international river basin”, “international drainage basin”, “international rivers”, “international lakes”. It is analyzed sources of international water law, which was elaborated terminology and definitions, it is traced their evolution. The author points out the following features of the definition “transboundary waters”: 1) these include surface water and groundwater; 2) they cross the border between two or more states are located on boundaries; 3) the use of transboundary waters affects the interests of two or more states; 4) the special legal regulation of their use (the doctrine of absolute sovereignty over water resources are located within of boundaries of the state; the doctrine of belonging of transboundary waters to all states of the international drainage basin; the doctrine of optimal development of the river basin; the doctrine of limited sovereignty; the doctrine of the priority); 5) specific requirements for the protection of ecosystems of transboundary waters; 6) the large conflict potential in use of water resources.