Abstract
Oil and gas operations depend heavily on water in many different aspects. Water is present wherever there is hydrocarbon production. It is produced along with the hydrocarbons and helps in mobilizing them. It is also injected into the reservoirs to aid in mobilizing the hydrocarbons, maintain the pressure and increase the recovery of the development project. With water presence, some serious problems occur such as scaling. Scaling is a well-known problematic precipitation caused mainly due to mixing of two incompatible fluids, changes in temperature and pressure conditions and disturbance to thermodynamics and kinetics of reservoir fluids. They can be found at any point of the operations starting down at the formation up to the surface tanks. Scales are directly responsible for compromising the economics and safety of development projects. This review paper is going to include a recap of the importance of water in the oil and gas industry, then review the different types of scales as well as their properties including carbonate and sulfate scales. After that, famous scales from each type is going to be reviewed as well as their properties and precipitation conditions such as Calcium Carbonate CaCO3, Calcium Sulfate CaSO4, Barium Sulfate BaSO4 and Strontium Sulfate SrSO4. Moreover, common practices and precautions steps in the industry are going to be reviewed as well. Finally, the paper presents the common practices used by the operators for scale removal.
Highlights
Water in the oil and gas industry is considered as one of the most important drives for hydrocarbons production
In this bad conformance case, oil is left in the matrix rocks without meeting the required sweeping efficiency
Scales are common in oil and gas industry and can form at any points of the process starting from the downhole to the separator tanks
Summary
Water in the oil and gas industry is considered as one of the most important drives for hydrocarbons production. The other type of water production in the oil and gas industry is the un-wanted and excessive water production, which is responsible directly for decreasing the profitability of the development projects by lowering the productivity of production wells [4]. The production of this type of water is a famous issue and present in many fields worldwide. In this bad conformance case, oil is left in the matrix rocks without meeting the required sweeping efficiency Another issue coming along with production of excessive water is the separation, treatment and disposal cost. It can cause many safety issues and it can be radioactive in some cases [10]
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