Abstract
Abstract. This study is the first attempt in the literature on the subject of comparing water balance components for floodplain lake basins, depending on the type of a lake connection to the parent river. Research was carried out in the Bug River valley in 2007–2011 water years. Four types of connections were distinguished in the area under study. Simple water balance equation could only be used with regard to the lakes connected to the main river via the upstream crevasses. Detailed and individual water balance equations were developed with reference to the other types of lakes. Water gains and losses varied significantly in the lakes under study. Values of horizontal water balance components (inflow and outflow) of the floodplain lake in Wola Uhruska considerably prevailed over the vertical ones (precipitation and evaporation). Inflow of the Bug River waters was diverse during the time period under study and amounted from 600 000 to 2 200 000 m3 yr−1. Volumes of precipitation and evaporation were rather stable and amounted to approx. 30 000 m3 yr−1. The lowest disparity between horizontal and vertical water balance components was observed in the inter-levee lake. Both upstream inflow of rivers water and outflow from the lake (ranged from 0 in 2008 to 35 000 m3 yr−1 in 2009) were usually an order of magnitude higher than precipitation and evaporation from the lake surface (700–800 m3 yr−1). Study showed that the values and the proportion between aforementioned vertical and horizontal water balance elements were determined by the type of a lake connection to the Bug River. Storage volume showed no relationship to the type of connection, but resulted from individual features of the lakes (location within the valley, precipitation and evaporation volume, difference between water inflow and outflow).
Highlights
Floodplain lakes (FPLs) constitute a very large group of global water bodies
As for Polish floodplain lakes, four types have been recognised based on their connections to the main river: (a) confluent – which are supplied from the direction of the headwater and whose outflow is in the opposite direction (Fig. 1a); (b) contrafluent – which are both supplied and drained via the same downstream channel
This paper aims to calculate and analyse the water balance elements of floodplain lake basins, depending on the type of the connection between the lake and the parent river
Summary
Floodplain lakes (FPLs) constitute a very large group of global water bodies. The existing classifications of floodplain lakes are mostly based on their origins (Hutchinson, 1957; Drago, 1976; Chmiel et al, 2003). Drago (1989) listed the following among the most common types of FPLs: obstruction ponds, levee ponds, lateral expansion ponds, interbar ponds, overflow ponds, annexation ponds and swamps. Dawidek and Ferencz (2012) (after Chmiel et al, 2003) distinguished the following genetic types of lakes for temperate zones (based on the example of Poland): oxbow, inter-levee, anastomotic and avulsion lakes. The hydrological (the degree of filling of the basin) and ecological state mostly depends on the type of connections that the lake has to the parent river, as well as on the frequency of flooding (Tockner et al, 2000; Amoros and Bornette, 2002; Henry and Costa, 2003). Hamilton and Lewis (1987) and Garcia de Emiliani (1997) distinguished four functional phases on the basis of the seasonal fluctuations of the hydrochemical parameters of a basin: filling, flow-through, drainage and isolation. Their approach is directly related to the flood pulse concept (Junk et al, 1989; Junk, 1997). As for Polish floodplain lakes, four types have been recognised based on their connections to the main river: (a) confluent – which are supplied from the direction of the headwater and whose outflow is in the opposite direction (Fig. 1a); (b) contrafluent – which are both supplied and drained via the same downstream channel
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