Water and Sediment Quality Index Due To Gold Mining in The Krueng Kluet Hilir Watershed, Aceh Selatan Regency

In the Pidie Regency area in general, there are still problems with its watershed (DAS), namely pollution due to domestic and non-domestic waste disposal and illegal mining which is part of the population's activities (anthropogenic) which continues to increase as a form of the population's efforts to meet their needs. In PIDIE District the watershed consists of the Teunom River Watershed, the Baro River Watershed, and the Krueng Baro River Watershed. With the increasing anthropogenic activity in the Watershed in PIDIE Regency, especially in the Kreung Baro River Watershed, this indicates the need to take action through the identification, mapping and assessment of the Watershed as an important effort to prevent further pollution and decrease water quality and sedimentation. This study uses the Pollution Index (PI) method so that the quality of water in the watershed will be easily controlled and in accordance with water quality standards and in accordance with what has been set by the government. and the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) method which can determine the appropriate levels in sediments in the watershed. The water quality of the Krueng Baro River, Pidie Regency using the Pollutant Index (PI) method with a value of 3.8062 for drinking water designation (class 1) is moderately polluted, different when compared to data obtained from the Aceh Provincial Government in 2022 with a value 2.5496 classified as moderately polluted. The water for agricultural purposes (class IV) with a value of 0.4569 is classified as fulfilling the water quality standard requirements. Likewise, the data carried out by the Government of Aceh with a value of 0.2848 is classified as fulfilling the water quality standard requirements for agriculture. Sediment quality in Krueng Baro, Pidie Regency with data processing using the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) method with a value of 0.0002, this value is the same as the value carried out by the Aceh Provincial Government, which is classified as a moderate negative effect of heavy metals on biota

The existence of river environmental components or sediment and river pollutions are influenced by domestic, industrial, and agricultural waste, it will reduce water quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the index of water quality and sedimentation due to anthropogenic activities. Pollution Index (PI) method for water quality and Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) method for sedimentation. The Krueng Woyla and Krueng Meuruebo watersheds include have the highest intensity of anthropogenic activity at West Aceh District. Surrounding the Krueng Woyla watershed has illegal mining such as class C minerals like sand and stone and gold mining. In the Krueng Meureubo watershed, there are mining activities to dispose of company waste flowing through the Meureubo tributary accompanied by sand mining activities. These activities result in the pollution index (PI) calculation. It shows that there has been a decrease in the water quality of the Meuruebo and Woyla rivers with 1.0 <PI< 5.0 classified as lightly polluted river water quality conditions. The highest pollution index value is in the Krueng Meruebo downstream watershed which is 2.41 classified as “Slightly Polluted”. Based on the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) and equations for a mercury concentration of 0.915, it is found that sediment has medium a negative effect index of heavy metals on river biota.

This study aims to analyze the water quality status of the Buol River using the Pollution Index (IP) method. The study area includes the Buol River, which is 60.3 km long. There are 8 locations for sampling the Buol River water. The purposive sampling method determines the location of river water sampling. Location criteria are determined based on pollutant sources, namely agricultural waste, domestic waste, and industrial waste. Water quality parameters analyzed were temperature, TDS, TSS, pH, BOD, COD, DO, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia, Chlorine, Sulfide, Phosphate, Surfactant, Fatty Oil, Phenol, and Total Coliform. The river water quality standard used is Republic of Indonesia Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 Appendix VI. The analysis method for the water quality status of the Buol River is determined by the pollution index method. The results of the quality analysis of the Buol River on the parameters TSS, COD, Nitrite, Chlorine, Sulfide, and Phenol have exceeded the quality standards. The results of the water quality status analysis using the Pollution Index (IP) method obtained the Buol River water pollution index at sample point 2 was 3.94 (lightly polluted water quality status). The pollution index value at sample point 1 is 5.16 (moderately polluted). The pollution index value at sample point 3 is 5.24 (moderately polluted). The pollution index value at sample point 4 is 8.03 (moderately polluted). The pollution index value at sample point 5 is 7.36 (moderately polluted). The pollution index value at sample point 6 is 7.73 (moderately polluted). The pollution index value at sample point 7 is 7.40 (moderately polluted). The pollution index value at sample point 8 is 7.79 (moderately polluted).

The research was carried out to determine the extent of surface water and sediment pollution using the physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations. The surface water and sediment samples were obtained from 25 sites along the river on March 22 and September 5, 2019 at the main river influenced by the complex tidal regime and aquaculture practices in Ca Mau peninsular in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. The water quality was compared with international and national standards, while the sediment quality was compared with Vietnamese standards and pollution indices (geo-accumulation index, contamination factor, and pollution load index). Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to explain the main factors responsible for the observed levels of water pollution. The dependence of water quality parameters and variations in water quality due to tidal regimes and seasonality were also evaluated by statistical comparisons. Based on the logistic regression models, the temporal variability of selected water quality parameters was visualized using QGIS. The Delft 3D model was used to evaluate changes in hydraulic characteristics based on actual fieldwork. The concentrations of nutrients and organic compounds exceeded 2-3 times greater than the standard for surface water quality. The contents of heavy metals were below the standard for sediment quality and consistent with the background levels. The influence of the tidal regime and seasonality caused significant changes in water quality and its association with various flow regimes (P&lt;0.05). Three components based on the PCA accounted for approx. 79.84% of the total variance in water quality characteristics of which the first, second, third component explained for 53.64%, 18.43%, and 7.77% of total variance related to physicochemical properties and organic matter pollution, suspended solids and nutrients, and DO consumption, respectively. Water quality maps indicated pollution hotspots, and the extensive and improved – extensive shrimp culture practices were identified in connection to the changes in water quality. Changes in the river's hydraulic characteristics were influenced remarkably by the tidal regime as well as geomorphological changes. The results of the research addressed the gaps from the previous studies were to identify degradation of surface water quality was associated primarily with extensive and improved extensive shrimp culture. Seasonal factors and tidal regimes influenced significantly changes in water quality parameters. Pollution sources were specified by the principal component analysis. Spatiotemporal distribution maps of selected water quality parameters highlighted pollution hotspot. Changes in the river hydraulic characteristics were caused mainly by the tidal regimes as well as geomorphological changes. The selected water quality parameters responded as well as depended diversely to various flow regimes. The results could be useful not only to local policymakers in developing water management strategies but also to other rivers beyond the geographical regions.&#x0D; &#x0D; �

The Kapar River is the recipient of waste discharge from the Sintang PLTU Industry, while the Kapuas River is the estuary of the Kapar River. The area around the Sintang PLTU Industry is the location of the Sintang Regency Industrial Area as the impact of establishing this area could affect the level of water quality. This research aims to determine the water quality of the Kapar River and Kapuas River due to the existence of the Sintang PLTU Industry. This research use the Pollution Index (IP) method. The research results show that the water quality condition of the Kapar River using the Pollution Index method is Lightly Polluted. The Kapar River is in the Pollution Index range of around 0.36 – 3.37 with an average Pollution Index value of 1.43. The water condition of the Kapuas River using the Pollution Index method is Lightly Polluted, the Kapuas River is in the Pollution Index range of around 0.52 – 2.51 with an average Pollution Index value of 1.32. The BOD and COD parameters are the biggest influence on the waste produced by the Sintang PLTU Industry. If these two parameters exceed the quality standards, they will increase the Pollution Index status of the Kapar River and Kapuas River.

River water quality analysis is a fundamental component of environmental management, particularly for rivers with the potential to serve as raw water sources. The Tawangsari River is influenced by domestic activities and surrounding land use, which may contribute to gradual water quality degradation. This study aims to assess the water quality status of the Tawangsari River using the Pollution Index (PI) method. Water samples were collected at three monitoring points representing upstream, middle, and downstream river segments. Key water quality parameters analyzed included pH, turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The results indicate that the Pollution Index values classify the Tawangsari River as lightly polluted to moderately polluted, with the highest PI value observed at the middle segment of the river. Among the evaluated parameters, dissolved oxygen was identified as the dominant factor influencing the Pollution Index values. It should be noted that the assessment was conducted using a limited number of monitoring points within a single observation period. Despite these limitations, the findings provide a reliable overview of the current water quality status of the Tawangsari River and demonstrate the applicability of the Pollution Index method as a practical tool for river water quality assessment and management planning. Keywords: pollution index; river water quality; dissolved oxygen; environmental monitoring; water quality status

The Enim River in Muara Enim Regency, South Sumatra, remains vital for various community activities. However, as an open water source, it is vulnerable to waste inputs from surrounding human activities, which impact the river's overall condition. This research aims to assess the water and sediment quality of the Enim River by analyzing key parameters such as pH, TSS, Fe, Mn, and temperature. Additionally, it seeks to explore the correlation between Fe and Mn content in both water and sediment and evaluate the quality status of these elements. The methodology involves descriptive analysis, where the measured values are compared against established quality standards. Correlation analysis is used to examine the relationship between Fe and Mn concentrations in water and sediment. Furthermore, the Pollution Index (PI) and Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) methods are applied to determine the quality status of water and sediment. The findings indicate that the water quality of the Enim River exceeds acceptable standards for TSS, Iron (Fe), and Manganese (Mn). Regarding sediment quality, the Iron (Fe) levels surpass the Severe Effect Level (Level 3), while Manganese (Mn) remains below the Lowest Effect Level (Level 2). The correlation analysis reveals a strong negative correlation (-1) between Fe and Mn in water and sediment, suggesting a tightly linked inverse relationship. Overall, the Enim River's water quality is classified as Mildly to Moderately Polluted. The sediment quality, however, varies. It is categorized as Extraordinarily to Extremely Severely Polluted for Iron (Fe) and Not Polluted for Manganese (Mn).

Rivers flowing through industrial areas are exposed to anthropogenic pressures that may degrade water quality and limit their capacity to receive additional pollutant inputs. The Batang Jujuhan River in Jambi Province flows through an industrial zone and is intensively used by local communities, making a quantitative assessment of its water quality status essential for effective river management. This study aims to evaluate the water quality status of the Batang Jujuhan River using the Pollution Index (PI) method and to estimate mixed pollutant concentrations at an industrial wastewater discharge point using a mass balance approach. Water samples were collected at upstream and downstream sections of the river and analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological parameters by an accredited laboratory, with results compared to Class II water quality standards based on Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001. The results show that Pollution Index values range from 0.7 to 0.9, indicating good water quality conditions at both locations. Mass balance analysis indicates that combined concentrations of key parameters, including COD, TSS, and oil and grease, remain below the applicable quality standards under observed river discharge conditions. These findings suggest that current pollutant inputs do not exceed regulatory thresholds and provide a quantitative baseline for water quality management in industrial river systems.

A systematic review on metal contamination due to mining activities in the Amazon basin and associated environmental hazards

Cimanuk River water is the main raw water source in West Java Province. The quality of the water must be maintained so that it can be useful in the long term. Cimanuk River water is planned to be a source of raw water for clean water services in the West Java Region. Based on this, it is necessary to know the quality of this river water. This study aims to calculate the water and sediment pollution index considering that there is a strong relationship between the water column and sediment in the river. The research method uses the Pollution Index method to determine the water pollution index and the Contamination Factor and Metal Pollution Index to assess the quality of sediment due to heavy metal pollution. . There are 6 (six) parameters that do not meet the quality standards, namely: BOD5, COD, Total Ammonia (NH3-N), Sulfur as H2S, Free Chlorine (Cl2), and Copper (Cu). Sources of pollution are predicted to come from domestic and agricultural activities in the Cimanuk river basin. The results of the analysis of sediment quality using the Contamination Factor method showed that the sediment of the Cimanuk River was polluted with heavy metals Cadmium and Copper with a very high category. Based on the results of calculations using the Metal Pollution Index method, it was concluded that the sediment of the Cimanuk River was polluted with heavy metals.

In this paper, three monitoring sections were set up in Heilongtan Reservoir, and water samples were collected in 2019, 2020, and 2021 for the determination of physical and chemical properties such as permanganate index, chemical oxygen demand, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). The water quality was evaluated by the single factor pollution index method and the Nemerow pollution index method, and the temporal and spatial changes of water quality were analyzed.The single factor pollution index method determines the water quality category by identifying the single worst indicator of water quality, based on the classified water quality category. The Nemerow pollution index method emphasizes the most polluting factor while also taking into account the contribution of other factors in the assessment system, and determines the water quality category through the comprehensive pollution index. The results of the study indicate that the monitoring indicators of the monitoring sections have reached the Category III water quality standard and above in the "Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard" during the three years 2019 to 2021. The Heilongtan Reservoir’s water quality in 2019, 2020, and 2021 is of Category I standard, according to the results of the evaluation of water quality using the single factor pollution index technique. According to the Nemerow pollution index method’s results for evaluating water quality, the water quality pollution index for the three monitoring sections as a whole ranges from 0.36 to 0.51 in three years. The three monitoring sections’ water quality—Dongfeng Canal, Longmiao, and Sixin Village—has not changed significantly during that time, remaining clean. In terms of temporal and spatial rates of change, the temporal rate of change (T) and spatial rate of change (S) over the three years were less than 20%, and the changes in water quality at each monitoring site were not significant.

In this paper, three monitoring sections were set up in Heilongtan Reservoir, and water samples were collected in 2019, 2020, and 2021 for the determination of physical and chemical properties such as permanganate index, chemical oxygen demand, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). The water quality was evaluated by the single factor pollution index method and the Nemerow pollution index method, and the temporal and spatial changes of water quality were analyzed.The single factor pollution index method determines the water quality category by identifying the single worst indicator of water quality, based on the classified water quality category. The Nemerow pollution index method emphasizes the most polluting factor while also taking into account the contribution of other factors in the assessment system, and determines the water quality category through the comprehensive pollution index. The results of the study indicate that the monitoring indicators of the monitoring sections have reached the Category III water quality standard and above in the "Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard" during the three years 2019 to 2021. The Heilongtan Reservoir's water quality in 2019, 2020, and 2021 is of Category I standard, according to the results of the evaluation of water quality using the single factor pollution index technique. According to the Nemerow pollution index method's results for evaluating water quality, the water quality pollution index for the three monitoring sections as a whole ranges from 0.36 to 0.51 in three years. The three monitoring sections' water quality-Dongfeng Canal, Longmiao, and Sixin Village-has not changed significantly during that time, remaining clean. In terms of temporal and spatial rates of change, the temporal rate of change (T) and spatial rate of change (S) over the three years were less than 20%, and the changes in water quality at each monitoring site were not significant.

This study uses the pollutant index method to determine the form of river utilization by the surrounding community and the level of river water pollution. The research method used in this study is qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative descriptive analysis method is used to analyze the form of river utilization by the community. Analysis of river water quality used quantitative method which refers to the Decree of the Minister of Environment 115/2003 concerning Determination of Water Quality Status using the Pollution Index (PI) method. The results of the analysis show that the community uses the Pepe River as a source of water and rainwater storage, waste disposal sites, fishing grounds, drainage channels, and agricultural irrigation. So that it has the potential to experience water pollution due to the entry of domestic-industrial waste. Based on PI, the flow of the Pepe River is proven to be lightly polluted, with the results of several parameter measurements showing results above the quality standard. Therefore, one of the recommendations that can be applied to overcome these problems is to develop the concept of Community-Based Development by involving the active role of all society levels in planning and implementing river management and development activities.

Jatibarang landfill is the final waste disposal site in Semarang that is located near the Kreo River. The existence of landfill near watershed are related to environmental problems caused by landfill leachate that is not managed properly and cause a decrease in water quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the water quality and pollution index of Kreo and Garang River as the biggest river in Semarang. This research was a descriptive study with an observational approach, consisted of 8 sampling sites and using the pollution index method. The results of this study show that the highest BOD concentration is 36.95 and the lowest is 7 mg/l, the highest COD concentration is 1575 and the lowest is 19 mg/l and the highest DO concentration is 7.75 and the lowest 0.14 mg/l. Based on the pollution index analysis, it shows that the highest Pollution index is 7.38, which means that Kreo and Garang River flow is categorized as polluted and the lowest pollution index is 2.32 classified as moderate polluted. In conclusion, the water quality is decreased due to various activities nearby that marked with moderately polluted and polluted resulted by water quality and pollution index assessment.

In this paper, three monitoring sections were set up in Lugu Lake, and water samples were collected in 2019, 2020, and 2021 for the determination of physical and chemical properties such as permanganate index, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and so on. By using the single factor pollution index method and the Nemerow pollution index method, the water quality of three monitoring sections and the whole Lugu Lake was assessed, and the temporal and spatial changes of water quality were analyzed. The findings demonstrate that Lugu Lake's overall water quality is excellent, and that it has not altered significantly in three years.The results of evaluating the water quality by the single factor pollution index method show that, in the past three years, the water quality of the three monitoring sections and the whole of Lugu Lake is Category I, which belongs to no pollution, and the measured indicators all meet the water quality standard of Category I. It can be seen from the evaluation results of the Nemerow index method that the water quality pollution index of Lugu Lake is between 0.22 and 0.34 in the past three years and the water quality evaluation of Changdao Bay, Lake center, Zhaojia Bay and the whole are Category I standards in 2019, 2020 and 2021. In terms of time changes, the water quality of Lugu Lake has remained stable between 2019 and 2021, and the water quality has been good. From the perspective of spatial changes, in 2019 and 2020, the water quality in Lake center is better than the monitoring sections of Changdao Bay and Zhaojia Bay.