Wastewater irrigation elevates chromium uptake in cereal crops: Bioaccumulation dynamics and carcinogenic risk assessment in a semi-arid agroecosystems

Introduction. Despite the relatively low average annual mortality rate, the increased incidence of cancer in the population of the Omsk region, together with indicators of the quality of oncological care, indicate a tense epidemiological situation. The purpose of the study is to determine priority environments and routes of exposure to chemicals in the formation of long-term carcinogenic risks in the city of Omsk. Materials and methods. There were used results of environmental and social-hygienic monitoring of habitat objects for the period 2017–2022. To assess the cumulative carcinogenic risk, atmospheric air, drinking tap water, open water, soil, food products, and 3 routes of exposure were taken into account: inhalation, oral and cutaneous. The assessment of carcinogenic risks was carried out in accordance with Guideline R 2.1.10.3968–23, taking into account the severity coefficient of malignant neoplasms. Results. The carcinogenic risk to the health of the population of the city of Omsk as a result of multi–environmenal and multi-route exposure to chemicals was assessed as alarming (high in an the engraved script). The structure of contributions to the cumulative carcinogenic risk: drinking water – 63.3%, atmospheric air – 33.1%, food products – 3.3 %, other environments less than 0.5%. The main route of entry of chemical carcinogens is inhalation (77.4%). Alarming carcinogenic risks were formed through the inhalation route of chloroform from drinking water; chromium VI, formaldehyde, benzene, and soot from atmospheric air. Among the target organs of malignant neoplasms, the greatest risk was in the gastrointestinal tract, which was assessed as alarming. Limitations. Not all habitat objects were analyzed, which may reduce the objectivity of the conclusions. Conclusion. An assessment of the long-term cumulative carcinogenic risk made it possible to prioritize the list of chemical pollutants, environmental objects, and routes of exposure to carcinogens. For more accurate planning of sanitary and hygienic measures to reduce public health risks, improve comprehensive monitoring of pollutants in all environments, taking into account all routes of entry into the human body, it is advisable to analyze the total risks for multi-environmental and multi-route exposure with an analysis of the contribution of chemicals, media, routes to their formation.

Reliable quantitative risk assessment requires the use of meaningful statistical data andwell validated models for their interpretation. In certain domains neither the data nor thevalidated models are available. Nevertheless, there may still be a requirement to generatea meaningful characterisation of risk, presented in a form which reflects the reliability andaccuracy of the data available. One such domain is the assessment of the potential carcino-genic risk in chemical compounds, and there are many others. Work is described which isunderway to provide a sound framework for the qualitative assessment of risk using acomputer model of “ argumentation ”. This work is being applied to the development ofcomputer-based support for the assessment of carcinogenic risk. 1. Introduction This paper describes work which is under way to develop sound qualitative methods for riskassessment. A specific focus of this work is the development of a computer-based assistant for theassessment of the potential carcinogenic risk of chemical compounds. However, the approachshould have much wider application.For certain technologies, such as electronic systems, civil engineering structures and mechanicalsystems, established statistical models are available for making precise and reliable estimates ofthe likelihood of system failure. Significant quantities of historical data on the failure rates ofstandard components may be available, for example, or it may be possible to generate reliablesimulations of system behaviour. In other areas, however, the position is less satisfactory. Forexample, in the assessment of the risk associated with compounds used in foods and in agricul-ture, knowledge of the nature and biological action of complex chemicals may be so sparse thatthere is considerable doubt about the validity of quantitative models as the basis for formulationof policy. The report of the Department of Health’s Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicalsin Food (Carter, 1992) concludes:The committee does not support the routine use of quantitative risk assessment for chemi-cal carcinogens. This is because the present models are not validated, are often based onincomplete or inappropriate data, are derived more from mathematical assumptions thanfrom a knowledge of biological mechanisms and, at least at present, demonstrate a dis-turbingly wide variation in risk estimates depending on the model adopted.This conclusion echoes the feelings of professionals, managers and policy makers in many otherfields. The assumptions needed to apply statistical and other quantitative methods are often heldto be simplistic, and the precision they offer illusory.

A global systematic review of the concentrations of Malathion in water matrices: Meta-analysis, and probabilistic risk assessment

The aim of this study was to investigate exposure to dust, and metal fumes, changes in pulmonary function indices among industrial workers to estimate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of exposure to occupational metal fume.<br /><br />Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 98 workers exposed to metal fumes. Air sampling was performed according to the NIOSH 0500 method and was analyzed by gravimetry and metal levels were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Spirometric results for 2010-2016 were collected. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments were performed according to the US Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software. The mean occupational exposure of the subjects to workplace dust and iron fumes was 15.95 ± 6.65 mg/m3 and 13.18 ± 3.06 mg/m3 respectively. During these 6 years, the FVC (P=0.04), PEFR (P=0.04), and FEV1 (P=0.03) indices decreased significantly among welders, but there was no significant difference between FEV1/ FVC indexes. Also, the mean of FEV1 and PEFR decreased significantly amongst casting workers, but FVC and FEV1/ FVC had no significant difference. Multivariate regression showed that in both jobs, BMI and work history were related to pulmonary function indices. The mean total excess ifetime carcinogenic risk (ELCR) of hexavalent chromium in the study population was 0.708 per 1000 people and the mean non-carcinogenic risk of hexavalent chromium was HQ = 19.62. The results showed that exposure to metal fumes in casting and welding jobs reduces pulmonary function indices. Although the average occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium is lower than the recommended limit and the risk of carcinogenesis is within an acceptable range, the risk of non-carcinogenic effects among workers is significant Therefore, it is important to prevent this problem, by adequate ventilation and using respiratory masks.

A review of risk assessment at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) points out the serious lack of toxicological testing data for commercial chemicals and pesticides as well as a disturbing trend toward undue reliance on quantitative risk assessment (QRA) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA). The apparent precision of quantitative estimates of risk masks the many underlying value judgments and uncertainties. In an attempt to address the uncertainties in QRA, EPA has recently published Guidelines on Risk Assessment for Carcinogens. The Guidelines are generally sound; however, they do not address human variability in response and possible synergistic interactions which can lead in some cases to an underestimate of risk. Moreover, they offer a simplistic carcinogen classification scheme which has already been misused to justify less stringent regulation of waterborne carcinogens. Since 1982, EPA's ever greater use of QRA coupled to CBA has led to relaxed standards or decisions not to regulate certain sources of environmental pollutants such as benzene and radionuclides. Risk managers should not be seduced by the precision of the numbers into using QRA and CBA as the primary tool in setting public health policy. When estimated risk is inserted into a cost-benefit analysis under “benefits” or cancers avoided, its own uncertainties are compounded by those regarding the true economic impacts of the regulation.

Risk assessment of carcinogens in food with special consideration of non-genotoxic carcinogens: Scientific arguments for use of risk assessment and for changing the Delaney Clause specifically

The Nature of Organ Specificity in Chemical Carcinogenesis.- Species Differences in Response to Aromatic Amines.- Aflatoxin B1: Correlations of Patterns of Metabolism and DNA Modification with Biological Effects.- Species Specificity in Nitrosamine Carcinogenesis.- Organ Specificity and Interspecies Differences in Carcinogenesis by Metabolism-Independent Alkylating Agents.- Organ and Species Specificity in Nickel Subsulfide Carcinogenesis.- Chemical Carcinogenesis Studies in Nonhuman Primates.- Organ Specificity and Tumor Promotion.- Skin Tumor Promotion: A Comparative Study of Several Stocks and Strains of Mice.- The Role of Phorbol Ester Receptor Binding in Response to Promoters by Mouse and Human Cells.- Tissue and Species Specificity for Phorbol Ester Receptors.- Liver as a Model System for Analyzing Mechanisms of Tumor Initiation and Promotion.- Promotion of Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis.- Species and Organ Differences in the Biotransformation of Chemical Carcinogens.- Species Heterogeneity in the Metabolic Processing of Benzo[a]pyrene.- Endocrine Regulation of Xenobiotic Conjugation Enzymes.- Multiple Effects and Metabolism of ?-Naphthoflavone in Induced and Uninduced Hepatic Microsomes.- Species Differences in the Activation of Benzo[a]pyrene in the Tracheal Epithelium of Rats and Hamsters.- Subcellular Metabolic Activation Systems: Their Utility and Limitations in Predicting Organ and Species Specific Carcinogenesis of Chemicals.- Cell-Mediated Mutagenesis, an Approach to Studying Organ Specificity of Chemical Carcinogens.- The Activation of Carcinogens by Mammary Cells: Inter-Organ and Intra-Organ Specificity.- Studies on the Mode of Action of Chemical Carcinogens in Cultured Mammalian Cells.- Comparison of the Sensitivity of Rodent and Human Cells to Chemical Carcinogens Using Viral Transformation, DNA Damage, and Cytotoxicity Assays.- Tissue-Specific Sister Chromatid Exchange Analyses in Mutagen-Carcinogen Exposed Animals.- Metabolism of Chemical Carcinogens by Tracheobronchial Tissues.- Introduction: DNA Damage and Repair.- DNA Modification and Repair In Vivo: Towards a Biochemical Basis of Organ-Specific Carcinogenesis by Methylating Agents.- Modification of DNA Repair Processes Induced by Nitrosamines.- Repair of Alkylated DNA Cell Extracts from Various Organs and Species.- Time-Dependent Differences in the Benzo[a]pyrene-DNA Adducts Present in Cell Cultures from Different Species.- DNA Binding as a Probe for Metabolic Activation in Various Systems.- Cell Specificity in DNA Damage and Repair.- DNA Adduct Formation and Removal in N-Acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-Exposed Cells and in Organs from Rats Fed 2-Acetylaminofluorene.- Trans-Species and Trans-Tissue Extrapolation of Carcinogenicity Assays.- Carcinogenic Risk Assessment - The Consequences of Believing Models.- Author Index.

Health endpoint and risk of carcinogenic among people enhancement due to Exposures to toxic air pollutants. The purpose of this study was investigation of a carcinogenic risk assessment among children and adults due to exposure to toxic pollutants. A review study of literature was performed with seven hundred and twenty-six articles were retrieved based on Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, and Springer databases. Studies reporting data on predetermined consequences potential toxic air pollutants and related to lifetime cancer risk (LCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were used to assess carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. The literature signs a notable undesirable affect from potential toxic air pollutants related to carcinogenic risk assessment among children and adult. Based on Result this study, the toxic air pollutants can endanger health of children and adult exposure to this pollutant and increase lifetime cancer risk number and carcinogenic risk among exposed people. Useful for health policymaker in order to cope with the incidence of cancer among citizenship Can be the main application the results of this study. Increasing the level of public awareness, especially of sensitive groups, about the incidence of cancer and its important factors and reduce exposures to toxic air pollutants are the main vital government actions for decrease the prevalence of cancer. Further research using more sophisticated methodology is warranted.

In nature there are depositing media which are relatively stable macrosystems. Their contamination that occurs due to long-term exposure to contaminants influences population health and this is especially vital for urbanized territories with large city-forming enterprises. Our research goal was to perform hygienic assessment of carcinogenic risks for population health under exposure to heavy metals contained in depositing media. We analyzed long-term data on contents of heavy metals in such accumulating media as soils and foods collected in 2005–2018. The data were taken from the reports on social and hygienic monitoring and statistical reports provided by the Orenburg Regional Office of the Federal State Statistics Service. Carcinogenic risks were assessed in accordance with the Guide R 2.1.10.1920-04. We used data provided by the territorial section of the National Cancer Registry to analyze prevalence of oncologic diseases of the digestive organs. We performed correlation analysis to examine correlations between the analyzed factors. The total carcinogenic risk under multi-route introduction of heavy metals from such depositing media as soils and foods has turned out to be unacceptable and amounts to 1.5E-04. The total population carcinogenic risk caused by exposure to heavy metals can reach 85 additional cases of malignant neoplasms over an averaged exposure period which is equal to 70 years. Heavy metals were detected in soils, nickel, cadmium, and chromium VI included, that produced statistically authentic effects on occurrence of malignant neoplasms in the digestive organs. We established an authentic correlation between developing malignant neoplasms in the digestive organs and concentrations of arsenic in foods. We didn’t detect any heavy metals with carcinogenic properties in such accumulating media as soils and foods in concentrations deviating from hygienic standards. But still, it doesn’t mean there is no negative influence on population health, notably long-term effects and developing malignant neoplasms.

Purpose. Determining the level of soil pollution with heavy metals in the “2 July” neighborhood, as well as researching the impact of pollution on the health of the neighborhood’s residents. The scope of the research was to know which age is most at risk from pollution based on the Theory of Risk Assessment, Non-carcinogenic risk assessment, and Carcinogenic risk assessment. Methodology. The soil samples in the neighborhood “2 July” were taken spontaneously. After the preparation of the samples, lead, arsenic, zinc, copper, nickel, manganese, chromium, and cadmium were determined with ICP-OES. Analytical formulas were applied for the calculation of specific indicators, which include Geo-accumulation index, Enrichment factor, Chronic daily intake, Hazard index, Carcinogenic risk assessment, the total lifetime cancer risk. They show the level of soil pollution, and the risk of heavy metals affecting human health. Findings. The results show that the content of lead, arsenic, zinc, nickel, manganese, chromium, and cadmium in the soil of the “2 July” neighborhood, in addition to copper, exceeds the values set by FAO/WHO. The value of the hazard index and total lifetime cancer risk for children for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk is high, while that for adults are lower, which shows that children are more at risk. Originality. Soil pollution in the “2 July” basin comes from three industrial dumps. This pollution affects human health through inhalation, skin, and ingestion route. Practical value. The particular indicators of the influence of heavy metals on human health are discerned as a plausible notification for the inhabitants that they live in a highly harmful and polluted environment inducing health consequences.

The main aim of the work is a comparative characteristic of carcinogenic risk for the health of the adolescent and adult population from exposure to chemical contaminants on multi-environmental ingestion of chemical substances (drinking water, soil, atmospheric air, foods). A high level of total carcinogenic individual risk in the city territories under study is identified in adolescents and adults in the 2nd zone (0.00426 and 0.00298). The value of total carcinogenic risk (TCR) in the territories under study on complex multi-environmental ingestion of CSs (chemical substances) in the adolescent and the adult population corresponds to the alarming risk level (1.0 � 10-3 � 1.1 � 10-4). Chloroform and lead make the major contribution to the value of carcinogenic risk in all zones. Calculation of the carcinogenic risk levels for all carcinogenic substances was made with application of standard values and regional exposure factors at the �� and the 95th Perc levels. Assessment of carcinogenic risk was carried out for 3 (three) substances contained in drinking water: cadmium, lead, chloroform. The total carcinogenic risk for adolescents on exposure to carcinogens contained in water REFMe and REF95 Perc was allowable in all zones. Differences in the value of carcinogenic risk levels made 0.107 � 0.227 at EF��/SEF and 2.0 at EF 95 ��rc/SEF. The major contribution to the value of carcinogenic risk was made by chloroform and lead in all zones. We can assume that in majority of cases the main contribution is made by chloroform in the 3rd district and metals- in the 4thone. The highest carcinogenic risk level is registered at the 95th �erc level for the adolescent health in all zones under study. Differences in regional and standard values of EF have impact on the population health risk levels. Analysis of the risk levels with application of local factors and age differences in exposure to chemicals ingested perorally with drinking water showed that the use of standard values in the methodology of risk assessment resulted in underestimation of actual carcinogenic risk for adolescents.

Environmental contamination is still a pressing issue, in particular, contaminated drinking water sources and contaminated drinking water from centralized communal water supply systems, since it produces negative effects on human health. Our research goal was to estimate probable impacts exerted on overall morbidity in Samara by quality of drinking water taken from centralized communal water supply systems as a most significant environmental factor. Our research tasks included taking and analyzing drinking water samples from centralized communal water supply systems; calculating carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks caused by analyzed chemicals. To fulfill the tasks and achieve the goals, in 2018–2019 we performed sanitary-chemical analysis of drinking water quality as per 20 sanitary-chemical parameters; our research object was drinking water taken from centralized communal water supply systems in 7 districts in Samara. Obtained actual data on contamination of water taken from centralized water supply networks in Samara were used as primary basis for calculating hazard indexes and carcinogenic risk coefficients using conventional exposure scenarios. In our research we revealed that maximum total non-carcinogenic hazard quotient was determined by arsenic and petroleum products introduction. Assessment of carcinogenic risks caused by contaminants in drinking water revealed that total health risk for children younger than 18 was within the second range as per its median; total carcinogenic risks for adults, within the third range. At the same time, arsenic contents did not exceed hygienic standards in all examined samples. So, we assessed carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, basing on actual data on quality of drinking water taken from centralized communal water supply systems. It seems vital to perform a wider-scale controlled study in several regions in order to assess significance of revealed factors for morbidity among population.

Environmental contamination is still a pressing issue, in particular, contaminated drinking water sources and contaminated drinking water from centralized communal water supply systems, since it produces negative effects on human health. Our research goal was to estimate probable impacts exerted on overall morbidity in Samara by quality of drinking water taken from centralized communal water supply systems as a most significant environmental factor. Our research tasks included taking and analyzing drinking water samples from centralized communal water supply systems; calculating carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks caused by analyzed chemicals. To fulfill the tasks and achieve the goals, in 2018–2019 we performed sanitary-chemical analysis of drinking water quality as per 20 sanitary-chemical parameters; our research object was drinking water taken from centralized communal water supply systems in 7 districts in Samara. Obtained actual data on contamination of water taken from centralized water supply networks in Samara were used as primary basis for calculating hazard indexes and carcinogenic risk coefficients using conventional exposure scenarios. In our research we revealed that maximum total non-carcinogenic hazard quotient was determined by arsenic and petroleum products introduction. Assessment of carcinogenic risks caused by contaminants in drinking water revealed that total health risk for children younger than 18 was within the second range as per its median; total carcinogenic risks for adults, within the third range. At the same time, arsenic contents did not exceed hygienic standards in all examined samples. So, we assessed carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, basing on actual data on quality of drinking water taken from centralized communal water supply systems. It seems vital to perform a wider-scale controlled study in several regions in order to assess significance of revealed factors for morbidity among population.

The thickness or depth of fine-textured soil (zf) dominates water storage capacity and exerts a control on nutrient leaching in semi-arid agroecosystems. At small pixel sizes (< 1 m; ‘fine resolution’), the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of cereal crops during senescence (Zadoks Growth Stages [ZGS] 90–93) offers a promising alternative to destructive sampling of zf using soil pits. However, it is unclear whether correlations between zf and NDVI exist (a) at larger pixel sizes (1–10 m; ‘intermediate resolution’) and (b) across field boundaries. The relationship of zf to NDVI of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was tested using images from a combination of multispectral sensors and fields in central Montana. NDVI was derived for one field using sensors of fine and intermediate spatial resolution and for three fields using intermediate resolution sensors only. Among images acquired during crop senescence, zf was correlated with NDVI (p < 0.05) independent of sensor (p = 0.22) and field (p = 0.94). The zf relationship to NDVI was highly dependent on acquisition day (p < 0.05), but only when pre-senescence (ZGS ≤ 89) images were included in the analysis. Results indicate that cereal crop NDVI of intermediate resolution can be used to characterize zf across field boundaries if image acquisition occurs during crop senescence. Based on these findings, an empirical index was derived from multi-temporal Sentinel-2 imagery to estimate zf on fields in and beyond the study area.

Carcinogen risk assessment. Can we harmonise?