Abstract
For the first time, waste-seashell-derived CaO catalysts were used as high-performance solid base catalysts for cyclopentanone self-condensation, which is an important reaction in bio-jet fuel or perfume precursor synthesis. Among the investigated seashell-derived catalysts, Scapharca Broughtonii-derived CaO catalyst (S-shell-750) exhibited the highest dimer yield (92.1%), which was comparable with commercial CaO (88.2%). The activity sequence of different catalysts was consistent with the CaO purity sequence and contact angle sequence. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that CaCO3 in waste shell were completely converted to CaO after calcination at 750 °C or above for 4 h. CO2 temperature-programmed desorption (CO2-TPD) results indicate that both the amount and strength of base sites increase significantly when the calcination temperature climbs to 750 °C. Therefore, we can attribute the excellent performance of S-shell-750/850/950 catalysts to the higher CaO content, relatively low hydrophilicity, and stronger acidity and basicity of this catalyst. This study developed a new route for waste shell utilization in bio-derived ketone aldol condensation.
Highlights
With the depleting supplies of fossil fuel and increasing environmental problems, the catalytic conversion of biomass to fuel and chemicals has been gaining great attention [1,2,3]
There is no report about using calcined waste shells as aldol condensation pretreatment, three kinds of seashell-derived catalysts were prepared and catalysts bio-derived ketones. and oyster shell (O-shell)-950, respectively
Scapharca Broughtonii shell (S-shell), conch shell (C-shell), and oyster shell (O-shell) are three typical waste seashells in Dalian, China, which were chosen as raw materials
Summary
With the depleting supplies of fossil fuel and increasing environmental problems, the catalytic conversion of biomass to fuel and chemicals has been gaining great attention [1,2,3]. Cyclopentanone is a promising lignocellulose-derived platform molecule in the conversion of biomass to fuels and chemicals. Cyclopentanone can undergo a self-aldol condensation pathway, and as-obtained dimer can be used as either high-density fuel [11,12] or perfume precursors [13]. This reaction was catalyzed by solid base or acid catalysts, for example: commercial CaO, hydrotalcites [11], MOF-encapsulating phosphotungstic acid [14] or MgO-based catalysts [15] (as shown in Scheme 1). From the point of view of green chemistry and economic cost, it is still expected to develop bio-based and cost-effective catalysts with high activity for cyclopentanone condensation
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