Abstract
In parallel to the rapid growth in economic and social activities, there has been an undesirable increase in environmental degradation due to the massively produced and disposed waste. The need to manage waste in a more innovative manner has become an urgent matter. In response to the call for circular economy, some solid wastes can offer plenty of opportunities to be reutilized as raw materials for the fabrication of functional, high-value products. In the context of solid waste-derived polymeric membrane development, this strategy can pave a way to reduce the consumption of conventional feedstock for the production of synthetic polymers and simultaneously to dampen the negative environmental impacts resulting from the improper management of these solid wastes. The review aims to offer a platform for overviewing the potentials of reutilizing solid waste in liquid separation membrane fabrication by covering the important aspects, including waste pretreatment and raw material extraction, membrane fabrication and characterizations, as well as the separation performance evaluation of the resultant membranes. Three major types of waste-derived polymeric raw materials, namely keratin, cellulose, and plastics, are discussed based on the waste origins, limitations in the waste processing, and their conversion into polymeric membranes. With the promising material properties and viability of processing facilities, recycling and reutilization of waste resources for membrane fabrication are deemed to be a promising strategy that can bring about huge benefits in multiple ways, especially to make a step closer to sustainable and green membrane production.
Highlights
Following the dramatically increased industrialization, agricultural and other human activities in parallel with population growth, high consumption, and production have been witnessed in all sectors [1,2,3]
In response to the wide positive impact and benefits, the present review aims to advance the understanding and development of this important area by looking at the potential waste sources for polymeric membrane fabrication, giving particular attention to their physicochemical properties and bottlenecks in recycling or recovery
Efforts to recycle post-consumer plastics, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, which have been used as singleuse packaging for beverages, are necessary to counter white pollution and the subsequent issues resulted from their disposal
Summary
Following the dramatically increased industrialization, agricultural and other human activities in parallel with population growth, high consumption, and production have been witnessed in all sectors [1,2,3]. The potentials of biomass waste, such as cellulose, lignin, and chitin, to be reutilized for the preparation of various functional polymeric materials were revealed by Wang et al [41] In their encyclopaedia article, Maiti and Pandey provided an overview on the recycling process of waste polymers, including polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) for membrane fabrication, highlighting this approach as a promising effort towards circular economy in membrane manufacturing [42]. Three classes of raw materials, i.e., keratin, cellulose, and plastics, as structurally illustrated, are discussed in this review These materials can be widely found in domestic/industrial solid wastes and can be potentially used for liquid separation membrane fabrication. Keratin-containing membrane demonstrated excellent dye-removal efficiency owing to its high specific surface area and high porosity
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