"Wash-In," "Wash-Out," and Systemic Effects in Extended Prisoner's Dilemma

Despite the increasing relevance of online social interactions on platforms, there is still little research on the temporal interaction dynamics between electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM, a form of opinion-based social interaction), popularity information (a form of action-based social interaction), and consumer decision making. Drawing on a panel data set of more than 23,300 crowdfunding campaigns from Indiegogo, we investigate the dynamic effects of these social interactions on consumers’ funding decisions using the panel vector autoregressive methodology. Our analysis shows that both eWOM and popularity information are critical influencing mechanisms in crowdfunding. However, our overarching finding is that eWOM surrounding crowdfunding campaigns on Indiegogo or Facebook has a significant yet substantially weaker predictive power than popularity information. We also find that whereas popularity information has a more immediate effect on consumers’ funding behavior, its effectiveness decays rather quickly, while the impact of eWOM recedes more slowly. This study contributes to the extant literature by (1) providing a more nuanced understanding of the dynamic effects of opinion-based and action-based social interactions, (2) unraveling both within-platform and cross-platform dynamics, and (3) showing that social interactions are perceived as quality indicators on crowdfunding platforms that help consumers reduce risks associated with their investment decisions. These results can help platform providers and complementors to stimulate contribution behavior and increase the prosperity of a platform.

The effects of competitive social interaction on cumulative food consumption (CC), absolute growth rate (AGR), gross growth efficiency (GGE), and development of interindividual weight variation were quantified for juvenile hybrid sunfish (F1: Female green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus × male bluegill L. macrochirus) held in low-density (5 fish in 25 L) and high-density (20 fish in 25 L) groups for 50 d. Individually held hybrid sunfish without social interaction were used as controls. All groups were fed a commercial diet to apparent satiation three times daily. Mean CC, AGR, and GGE declined 7% and 24%, 21% and 34%, and 14% and 15%, in the low- and high-density groups, respectively, relative to controls. Patterns of declining CC and GGE with increasing fish density indicated that elevated activity and stress from social interaction caused much of the growth decline at the low density, while reduced food consumption caused the additional growth loss at the high density. Coefficients of weight variation (100 × SD/mean) increased 77% on average among fish in the low- and high-density groups but remained constant among the controls. Results demonstrate that substantial growth loss and size variation development can occur in grouped hybrid sunfish from social interaction. Amelioration of social interaction effects would probably be beneficial to hybrid sunfish culture. Comparison to a similar study of bluegills suggests that growth loss from social interaction may be less for hybrid sunfish than for the parent species.

We report an intervention experiment on the effects of social interaction on 4‐ and 5‐year‐old children's performance in a simple logical, inferential task. We found that children performing badly in a logical inferential task who then had the experience of cooperating with others more advanced than themselves did better in this task in a post‐test given three days later and in a further test given after a three‐week interval. We also found that children who had the experience of cooperating with others who had also performed badly (at the same level) in the pre‐test did not get better at making logical inferences. We conclude that social interaction between less and more advanced children enhances the less advanced children's ability to make logical inferences, and we argue that this is probably due to the effects of discussion and of agreement, rather than to social conflict, during the intervention period.

THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL INTERACTION ON STUDENTS LEARNING ACTIVITIES This research uses quantitative research through a causal approach. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of social interaction on student learning activities. The population in this study were grade IV students at Kebon Kalapa 01 Elementary School, Bogor Regency, even semester of the 2019/2020 academic year, totaling 82 students. The sample used was 45 students, which were obtained using the Taro Yamane formula. The validity test of the social interaction variable instrument and learning activities used the Pearson Product Moment formula and the reliability test used the Cronbach Alpha formula. Testing the requirements of the analysis in the form of normality test (liliefors), then carried out the homogeneity test (fisher). Data that has been declared normal and homogeneous is used to test the hypothesis, the results show that there is an effect of social interaction on student learning activities. The price of the regression coefficient Ŷ = 24.20 + (0.79X), this means that every one unit increase in social interaction variables will cause an increase in student learning activities by 0.79 units. The contribution of social interaction to the learning activities of students is shown by the correlation coefficient (r xy ) of 0.82 t count > t table (α = 0.05) = 9.3403 > 2.021 with a coefficient of determination 0.6724. This means that the increase or decrease in learning activities of students is influenced by social interaction by 67.24% while the remaining 32.76% is influenced by other factors. Based on the research results above, it can be concluded that there is a positive effect of social interaction on student learning activities.

The study aims (1) to determine the effect of social interaction on students’ moral judgment; (2) to determine the effect of gender role as woman on students’ moral judgment; (3) to determine the effect of social interaction and gender role as woman on students’ moral judgment. The population of this study are students of class XI SMAN 12 Medan amounted to 344 students. The study sample consisted of 135 students, especially woman who were selected using quantitative research and the proportionate stratified random sampling technique. Collected using the moral judgment scale used is Defining Issues Test (DIT), social interaction scale, gender role as woman scale. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The results show that (1) there is no significant effect of social interaction on students’ moral judgment which is indicated by the coefficients rx1.y = 0.077 and p = 0.373 0.05, It means there is no effect of social interaction on students’ moral judgment; (2) there is no significant effect of gender role as woman on students’ moral judgment which is indicated by the coefficients rx2.y = 0.028 and p = 0.746 0.05; (3) there is no significant effect of social interaction and gender role as woman on students’ moral judgment which is indicated by the coefficients rx1.x2.y = 0.087 and p = 0.608 0.05. The percentage of contributions given by social interaction and gender role as woman is 0,8 %. The remaining 99,2 % is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.

Intergenerational analysis of social interaction and social skills: An analysis of U.S. and U.K. panel data

With the emergence of social commerce, customer engagement is increasingly considered as an important influencing factor for enterprises to maintain a competitive advantage. Despite the extensive literature examining the determinants of customer engagement in social commerce from the perspectives of platform functions and technical dimensions, discussions on social interaction remain rare. Based on a sample dataset of 460 valid questionnaires collected via an online survey within China, using the structural equation model, this study attempts to investigate the effect of social interaction on customer engagement. Specifically, it divides social interaction into two dimensions, namely information-oriented and relation-oriented interactions. It is found that both informational and relational interactions are essential for driving customer engagement. Social presence and customer trust sequentially mediate the effect of social interaction to enhance customer engagement. In other words, social interaction enhances the sense of social presence, which in turn heightens customer trust, ultimately spurring a greater customer engagement. Self-construal moderates the relationship between social interaction and customer engagement. For interdependent customers, the effect of social interaction on customer trust is particularly significant. This study provides novel insights into how and when social interaction shapes customer engagement, highlighting the mechanisms and boundary conditions involved in this relationship within a social commerce context, which can also offer practical guidance for platforms and merchants seeking to facilitate greater engagement among customers.

Willingness to pay and its determinants: Comparing the deposit-refund and increased-price systems among Chinese citizens for express packaging waste management

This study examines the levels of social interaction, depression, and homeboundness, and the effects of social interaction and depression on homeboundness in community-dwelling older adults living alone. Survey data were collected from 6444 older adults aged 65 and over, living alone, who registered for individualized home care services at 42 public health centers in Gyeonggi Province. A total of 5996 participants with complete questionnaire data were included in the analysis. The mean social interaction score was 2.90 out of 6, and the mean depression score was 6.21 out of 15. The mean homeboundness score was 0.42 out of 2. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed with general characteristics, health factors, social interaction, and depression to identify their effects on homeboundness. In general characteristics and health factors, homeboundness is associated with decreasing social interaction (β = 0.17, p < 0.001) and increasing depression (β = 0.25, p < 0.001) in older adults living alone. Homeboundness was severe among participants aged 80 and over (β = 0.04, p = 0.015) and those with several chronic diseases (β = 0.04, p < 0.001), falling history (β = 0.14, p < 0.001), and lack of exercise (β = −0.20, p < 0.001). Thus, interventions that target social interaction, depression, and health functions are important for this demographic.

The impact of the cardinal relationships amongpecuniary payoffs, and of social history and reputation, on thechoice of strategies in four one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma games isexperimentally examined. The results suggest that normalized payoffvalues linked to ``fear'' and ``greed'' are important as predictorsof behavior in the PD games. Success in coordinating on the payoffdominant equilibrium in previous plays of coordination games alsoincreases the probability of cooperative play in the PD games. Theeffect of past play is strongest when individuals are matchedrepeatedly with the same person in previous play, as contrasted tobeing matched randomly with another player.

The role of gaze in communication is diverse and of the essence, particularly thanks to its dual function which both encodes and signals mental and emotional states, and the direction and object of attention. To date, substantial research on the attentional and perceptual effects of gaze behavior has established four main forms of social eye gaze, and each form plays a role in establishing, grounding, and ensuring communication between interlocutors. However, while the perceptual effects of gaze on attentional and cognitive processes are well-elaborated, social and affective effects of gaze and, particularly, mutual gaze attracted little attention. The present review suggests that the mutual gaze has a unique role in social interactions since it has both perceptual and affective effects in social interaction, and the unique affective and social role of mutual gaze in real-time and naturalistic settings still needs further research.

The interactionist approach to the study of exogenous oxytocin (OT) effects on prosocial behavior has emphasized the need to consider both contextual cues and individual differences. Therefore, an experiment was set up to examine the joint effect of intranasal OT, a salient social cue and the personality trait social value orientation on cooperative behavior in one-shot prisoner's dilemma games. The outcome of these mixed-motive games is known to be highly dependent on values and on social information that might reveal the partner's intent. Consistent with an a priori hypothesis, OT and social information interact significantly to affect the behavior of individuals with a proself value orientation: after prior contact with the game partner, OT enhances cooperative behavior, whereas in anonymous conditions, it exacerbates their intrinsic self-interested behavior. These effects of OT do not hold for individuals with a prosocial value orientation, whose cooperation levels appear to be more influenced by prior contact with the game partner. Follow-up hypotheses for why prosocial and proself individuals respond differently to exogenous OT were developed.

Purpose: This study was to analyze the essence of combining the TAM and UGT theory in shaping consumer purchase intentions in e-commerce. This was accomplished by developing an empirical research model based on direct and moderating relationships on purchase intention. Theorethical Framework: This study involves 7 hypotheses that are described comprehensively in section 2. The independent variables are Benefits Perceived (BP), Ease of Use Perceived (EoUP), Risk Perceived (RP), Moderating Variables are Social Support &amp; Social Interaction (SI), and the Dependent variable is Purchase Intention (PI). Method: Furthermore, the total sample in this study involved 938 respondents, data were collected using online surveys, and the method of analysis used was PLS. Results and Conclusion: The results show a close positive association between UGT and TAM theory on the consumers’ buying intentions. In addition, the findings indicate the propensity for Social Interaction &amp; Support; thus, empirically built hypotheses specified that most TAM variables had a positive and significant effect on puberty purchase intention. Therefore, asides from where Risk Perceived confers a little influence through direct effect relationships, a positive and significant impact on purchase intention is perceived if social interaction &amp; social support variables moderate the risk. Originality/Value: This study in testing the relationship between variables is based on two theoretical approaches: UGT and TAM. Besides, measuring variables by moderation uses social support and interaction variables.

Objectives Overseas Korean/foreign (OKF) students―those who were admitted to university through a special admission process―are a minority group on campus who may face challenges in campus life and have difficulties in career decision-making. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the effect of students’ social interactions on campus differs between OKF and local students, as this effect serves to improve their self-efficacy in career decision-making. Methods Using a survey dataset for 1,866 undergraduate students at a university in Seoul, this study conducted a series of regression analyses to model the differential effects of faculty-student and peer interactions on self-efficacy in career decision-making between OKF and local students. Results The results clearly showed that OKF students had a lower sense of self-efficacy in career decision-making than local students. However, in both groups, students who actively engaged in social interactions with faculty members or peers tended to demonstrate a higher sense of self-efficacy in career decision-making. This pattern slightly differed between the two groups though. While the effect of social interaction with faculty members was quite the same for both groups, the effect of social interaction with peers was smaller for OKF students than for local students. Conclusions These findings suggest the possibility that peer relationships on campus differ qualitatively between the two groups. Interventions for improving OKF students’ self-efficacy in career decision-making may work better if universities develop educational programs that specifically suit their needs.

The effects of social interaction, exercise, and test stress on positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) were investigated using the 20-item positive affect and negative affect schedule (PANAS). Eighteen undergraduate subjects completed a PANAS at the beginning of a 1-week period to establish baseline levels of PA and NA. Three other PANASs were completed within the week by each subject: one after social interaction, one after exercise, and one prior to a stressful test. The resulting PA and NA scores were compared with the baseline PA and NA scores obtained for each subject. Within-subjects analyses of variance and subsequent multiple comparison tests revealed that PA was increased significantly by social interaction and exercise, but not affected by test stress, and that NA was not affected by social interaction and exercise, but was increased significantly by test stress. The implications of these results are discussed.