Warming fluctuating temperature shifts the BPA-damage threshold of a freshwater microplankton community.

Nonylphenol (NP) and Bisphenol A (BPA) are widely used in industrial and household applications. These chemicals may discharge into the environment with industrial and domestic wastewater. Numerous studies have found that NP and BPA widely existed in the environment and biota. Due to NP and BPA are endocrine disruptors able to disrupt reproductive system, it is important to investigate the occurrence of NP and BPA in the environment. The occurrence of toxic substance in the environment can be used to assess exposure risk. Furthermore, it will be as a reference for the management, exposure risk assessment and reduction strategies development of toxic substance. Monitoring of occurrence of toxic substances need lots of manpower and budget, and is difficult to perform due to both temporal and spatial sampling restricts. How to select media which toxic substances will be accumulated to implement the environmental monitoring is the major topic to concern. The fugacity model is one of the multimedia dispersion models and widely used to provide an efficient way to predict the occurrence of contaminants in the environment, and was used as multimedia dispersion models in present study. The objectives of this study are:(1) to investigate the concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A in water, sediment and fishes from principal rivers in Taiwan; (2) to collect and integrate the parameters which is needed for multimedia dispersion simulation and to discuss the integrity and precision,then using fugacity model to predict the concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A in different environmental media of rivers in Taiwan; (3) to estimate organic carbon-water partition coefficient (log Koc), biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) and bioconcentration factor (BCF) using the measured concentrations of nonylphenol and bisphenol A in environmental media. In present study, water, sediment and fish samples in 10 major rivers were sampled in 2012, NP and BPA concentration of those media were measured. The measured NP and BPA concentrations of river water, sediment and fish from twenty one principal rivers in Taiwan during 2009-2011 were collected and integrated to compare with simulative data from fugacity model. The result showed that the mean (range) concentrations of NP in river water, sediment and fish were 1.02 (0.01-10.02) μg/L, 1663.47 (1.98-19624.13) μg/kg dw and 358.79 (11.79-3213.86) μg/kg dw, respectively. The mean (range) concentrations of BPA in river water, sediment and fish were 0.94 (0.01-33.36) μg/L, 26.97 (0.07-471.33) μg/kg dw and 10.58（0.22-145.62）μg/kg dw, respectively. The physical and chemical properties of NP and BPA, environmental parameters of sampling sites and emissions quantities of NP and BPA were collected to simulate the concentrations of NP and BPA in river water and sediment using fugacity model. The simulative concentrations of NP in water and sediment were performed according to four scenarios based on the rationality of release and operation pattern. The mean simulative levels are 7.015, 1.874, 0.200 and 6.257μg/L in water and 1789.007, 545.684, 62.274 and 1400.899μg/kg dw in sediment, respectively. The simulations of BPA concentration in water and sediment were performed according to ten scenarios based on the rationality of release and operation pattern.The mean of simulative levels are 0.276, 0.003, 0.179, 0.002, 0.372, 0.004, 0.370, 0.134, 0.047 and 0.236 μg/L in water and 4.544, 0.039, 1.996, 0.019, 4.152, 0.040, 7.226, 3.215, 1.032 and 3.476 μg/kg dw in sediment, respectively. Comparing the measured and simulative concentrations of NP and BPA, the ratio of measurement and simulation in water are 290 and 1.14, then in sediment are 28 and 2.68 for reasonable scenario which consider specific usage, release ratio and wastewater treatment efficacy. Relatively, the ratio of measured and simulative concentrations in water are 6 and 0.88, and 0.6 and 0.84 in sediment for the scenario only population density of watershed was considered. The results shows that the emission quantities of NP and BPA contributed the great impact to simulative levels, the integrity and precision of emission quantities of NP and BPA should be identified. Finally, the measured concentrations of NP and BPA in the media were used to calculate the log Koc, BSAF and BCF. The log Koc of NP and BPA are varied from 3.42-6.62 and 2.29-4.62, respectively. The BSAF of NP and BPA in different fishes are varied from 0.003-245.598 and 0.003-188.889, respectively. The BCF of NP and BPA in different fishes are varied from 3.18-25991.89 and 1.04-1182.92, respectively. Furthermore, we found log Koc are positively associated with the concentrations of NP and BPA in sediment according to the Spearman correlation analysis. On the other hand, the BSAF of NP and BPA in pelagic fish are negatively associated with log Koc. According to the result, feeding habits in fish may be the important parameter. Compared with pelagic fish, demersal fish live and feed near sediment, the accumulation of NP and BPA in demersal fish may be higher than pelagic fish.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used synthetic compounds on the planet. It is used in the synthesis of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins and other polymer materials. Owing to its excellent chemical and physical properties, it is used to produce food and beverage containers or the linings for metal products. BPA has been mentioned as a possible cause of feline hyperthyroidism. Cat food is considered one of the main sources of BPA intake. The purpose of this study was to evaluate BPA concentration in various types of commercial cat food available in the Czech Republic. In total, 172 samples prepared from 86 different types of commercial cat food were assessed. The concentration of BPA was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Measurable concentration of BPA was found in all samples (range 0.065-131 ng/g), with the highest concentration (mean ± SD) of BPA in canned food (24.6 ± 34.8 ng/g). When comparing BPA concentration in food trays (1.58 ± 0.974 ng/g), pouches (0.591 ± 0.592 ng/g) and dry food (1.18 ± 0.518 ng/g), concentrations of BPA in food trays and dry food were significantly higher (P <0.01) compared with pouches. Comparing BPA concentrations in canned food of different manufacturers, statistically significant differences were found as well. The highest concentrations of BPA were found in cans. Thus, cans represent the highest possibility of exposure to BPA in comparison with other types of commercial feline food.

Serum unconjugated bisphenol A concentrations in women may adversely influence oocyte quality during in vitro fertilization

Very low birth weight infants (VLBW; birth weight < 1500 g) are treated with pharmaceuticals and medical equipment containing parabens and bisphenol A (BPA). Parabens are used in pharmaceuticals, whereas BPA in medical equipment where concentrations are rarely reported in hospitalised VLBW infants. We measured urinary concentrations of parabens and BPA and hypothesised high and increasing concentrations in infants born at lower gestational ages (GAs), and among infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and late-onset septicaemia (LOS) due to higher exposure from pharmaceuticals and medical equipment. Urinary samples were collected during the first (n = 38) and fifth (n = 36) week of life. Methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and BPA concentrations were measured using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. VLBW infants had very high urinary concentrations of parabens and BPA compared to term infants and older children. The Σ paraben concentration was higher than detected in previous studies on premature infants. Lower GA at birth was associated with higher concentrations of parabens and BPA. Infants born before 28 weeks GA had higher first week concentrations of propylparaben (38.6 vs. 9.05 ng/mL, p = 0.007), butylparaben (0.28 vs. 0.09 ng/mL, p = 0.05) and fifth week concentrations of BPA (15.1 vs. 6.02 ng/mL, p = 0.02) than infants born after 28 weeks GA. Infants with LOS and BPD had higher fifth week concentrations of BPA than infants without LOS and BPD (LOS: 14.2 vs. 6.77 ng/mL, p = 0.07; BPD: 18.6 vs. 7.62 ng/mL, p = 0.05).

Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in epoxy resins lining food and beverage containers. Evidence of effects in animals has generated concern over low-level chronic exposures in humans. To examine associations between urinary BPA concentrations and adult health status. Cross-sectional analysis of BPA concentrations and health status in the general adult population of the United States, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. Participants were 1455 adults aged 18 through 74 years with measured urinary BPA and urine creatinine concentrations. Regression models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, smoking, body mass index, waist circumference, and urinary creatinine concentration. The sample provided 80% power to detect unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 1.4 for diagnoses of 5% prevalence per 1-SD change in BPA concentration, or standardized regression coefficients of 0.075 for liver enzyme concentrations, at a significance level of P < .05. Chronic disease diagnoses plus blood markers of liver function, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, and lipid changes. Higher urinary BPA concentrations were associated with cardiovascular diagnoses in age-, sex-, and fully adjusted models (OR per 1-SD increase in BPA concentration, 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-1.63; P = .001 with full adjustment). Higher BPA concentrations were also associated with diabetes (OR per 1-SD increase in BPA concentration, 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.60; P < .001) but not with other studied common diseases. In addition, higher BPA concentrations were associated with clinically abnormal concentrations of the liver enzymes gamma-glutamyltransferase (OR per 1-SD increase in BPA concentration, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.14-1.46; P < .001) and alkaline phosphatase (OR per 1-SD increase in BPA concentration, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.18-1.85; P = .002). Higher BPA exposure, reflected in higher urinary concentrations of BPA, may be associated with avoidable morbidity in the community-dwelling adult population.

Environmental contamination of bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread and multifaceted issue with vast ecological, social and economic consequences. Thus, understanding how local environmental conditions, such as temperature, interact with BPA to affect populations and community dynamics remain important areas of research. Here, we conduct laboratory experiments aimed at understanding how environmental gradients of both temperature and BPA concentration influence freshwater phytoplankton population growth and community structure. We exposed phytoplankton assemblages comprised of three common species of green algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Ankistrodesmus braunii and Scenedesmus quadricauda) as well as isolates of each individual species to three BPA concentrations (0, 2, 13mg/L BPA) and three temperatures (18, 23, 27°C) monitoring population growth and community structure (via biovolume). We observed antagonistic interactions between BPA and warmer temperatures, such that when warmer temperatures decreased growth (observed with A. braunii), high concentrations of BPA elevated growth at these warm temperatures; however, when warmer temperatures increased growth (C. vulgaris, S. quadricauda), high BPA concentrations diminished these gains. Although BPA exposure inhibited the growth of most C. vulgaris populations, growth was not reduced in A. braunii or S. quadricauda populations exposed to 2mg/L BPA. Phytoplankton assemblage evenness (Pielou evenness index) decreased as BPA concentration increased and was consistently lowest under 27°C. Community composition was similar in assemblages cultured under 0 and 2mg/L BPA under 18 and 23°C but was most similar between assemblages cultured under 2 and 13mg/L BPA under 27°C. These results indicate that local environmental temperatures can mediate the consequences of BPA for freshwater phytoplankton growth rates and community structure and that BPA can diminish potential gains of increased growth rate for warm-adapted phytoplankton species at high environmental temperatures.

The effects of different initial concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) on Chlorella vulgaris and removal capacity of BPA by Chlorella vulgaris were investigated under the light and the dark cultural conditions. Experiments were performed in 250 mL flasks under light and dark conditions with different BPA concentrations. Results showed that 0-20 mg·L-1 BPA concentration under the light condition and 0-10 mg·L-1 BPA concentration under dark condition plays a promoting role on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris in terms of cell density. The effect of BPA removal under light condition was obviously better than that under the dark condition. The maximum BPA removal rates were 3.425 ± 0.145 mg (L·d)-1 and 1.530 ± 0.025 mg (L·d)-1 under two conditions and were observed during 2-4 d and 0-2 d, respectively. The largest removal amounts of BPA under two conditions were all investigated in L-BPA50 and D-BPA50 groups. Both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were promoted in all the treatments, which proved that C. vulgaris showed a positive response to the BPA stress condition. SOD activity showed sensitive and responsive to the new medium since it was promoted immediately on the incubation day. CAT activity was supposed to be more tightly controlled in response to BPA because its level was related to the BPA removal.

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Aerobic granular sludge for bisphenol A (BPA) removal from wastewater

e12535 Background: Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely used chemical in plastics production, has been shown to have estrogenic activity, although it is unclear whether BPA exposure alters effectiveness of aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment among women with breast cancer. In vitro studies have indicated that at higher concentrations (≥10-4 μM), BPA inhibits aromatase expression and activity, whereas at environmentally relevant concentrations (≤10-8 μM), BPA increases aromatase expression and activity. Few in vivo studies have investigated the association between BPA exposure and estrogen concentrations among non-pregnant women. This pilot study among post-menopausal women receiving AI therapy evaluated whether BPA is detectable in participants’ urine, and the association between BPA and hormone concentrations. Methods: This study was ancillary to a larger intervention study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01509079), and participants provided informed consent for this ancillary study under a protocol approved by the institutional review boards of Park Nicollet Institute/HealthPartners and the University of Minnesota. AI adherence during the 4 weeks prior to the baseline visit was monitored through weekly diaries. Participants were instructed to collect spot urine collections in sterile, BPA-free polypropylene containers in the 24 hours prior to the baseline study visit. Serum hormone concentrations were measured using serum collected at the baseline study visit. The Breast Cancer Prevention Trial - Musculoskeletal Symptom (BCPT-MS) scale was used to assess AI-associated musculoskeletal syndrome symptoms at the baseline study visit. Results: Fourteen women agreed to participate in the pilot study, however one participant’s data was excluded due to substances interfering with BPA measurement. BPA was detected in urine from all 13 remaining participants. Geometric mean urinary BPA concentration (1.55 mcg/g creatinine, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98-2.45) was higher than concentrations reported for females (1.36 mcg/g creatinine, 95% CI: 1.23-1.51) in the 2013-14 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey biomonitoring data. Age, body mass index, and percent body fat did not differ between women above or below the study median urinary BPA concentrations (1.49 ng/mL). Women with BPA concentrations &gt;1.49 ng/mL had consistently lower serum estrone (5.0 vs. 7.0 pg/mL, p=0.15), estradiol (2.8 vs. 3.6 pg/mL, p=0.04), and testosterone (21.5 vs 23.8 ng/dL, p=0.28) concentrations compared to women with lower BPA concentrations. No statistically significant differences in BCPT-MS scores were observed between women with higher vs. lower urinary BPA concentrations. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that BPA exposures may work in concert with AIs to lower serum estrogen levels. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Previous studies have shown that women have higher concentrations of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA), but an intervention to reduce BPA is lacking in women. To test the hypothesis that an intervention to reduce BPA would decrease urinary BPA concentrations over 3 weeks, 24 women (mean ± standard deviation [SD]; 22.1 ± 2.8 kg/m2 body mass index, 20.9 ± 1.5 years) were randomly assigned to an intervention or control. The intervention included weekly face-to-face meetings to reduce BPA exposures from food, cosmetics, and other packaged products. Women were provided with BPA-free cosmetics, hygiene, glass food/water containers, and daily self-monitored major sources of BPA. Fasting urine BPA and creatinine concentrations, and weight were assessed at study entry and after 3 weeks. A significant (p = 0.04) treatment × time interaction effect was observed on creatinine-adjusted BPA concentrations. From study entry to 3 weeks, women in the intervention significantly decreased geometric mean creatinine-adjusted urinary BPA by -0.71 ng/m, whereas women in the control significantly increased urinary BPA by 0.32 ng/mL (p = 0.04). Additionally, from study entry to 3 weeks, women in the intervention significantly lost weight -0.28 ± 0.44 kg, whereas women in the control significantly gained weight +1.65 ± 0.74 kg (p = 0.03). Changes in creatinine-adjusted BPA concentrations and weight were not significantly related (p = 0.67). In this pilot study, a 3-week intervention decreased urinary BPA concentrations in women. Future clinical trials are needed to confirm these results and to examine whether a similar BPA intervention positively impacts risk markers in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Decomposition of bisphenol-A (BPA) by radical oxygen

Previous studies have shown that women with obesity have higher concentrations of Bisphenol A (BPA), but an intervention to reduce BPA is lacking in women. PURPOSE To determine whether a theory-based behavioral intervention designed to reduce BPA would decrease urinary BPA concentrations over 3 weeks in women with obesity. METHODS Thirty college-aged, women were randomly assigned to an intervention (N=15; 31.5 ± 5.6 kg/m2; 21.6 ± 3.3 yrs) or control (N=15; 30.8 ± 5.8 kg/m2; 21.5 ± 3.1 yrs). The intervention included weekly face-to-face meetings to reduce BPA exposures from food, cosmetics, and other packaged products. Women were provided with BPA-free cosmetics, hygiene, glass food/water containers and daily self-monitored major sources of BPA. Fasting urine BPA and creatinine concentrations, and weight were assessed at baseline and after 3-weeks. RESULTS BPA was non-detectable (limit of detection 0.05 μg/L) in 26% of samples at baseline. No significant (P=0.55) treatment x time interaction effect was observed on creatinine-adjusted BPA concentrations from baseline to 3-weeks in the intervention (0.41 ± 0.56, 0.77 ± 0.66 μg/g Creatinine) or control group (0.62 ± 0.92, 0.51 ± 0.81 μg/g Creatinine) using baseline BMI, age, and demographics as covariates. No significant treatment x time interaction effect (P=0.54) in weight was observed from baseline to 3-weeks in the intervention (83.9 ± 17.0, 83.9 ± 16.9 kg) or control group (81.4 ± 15.4, 81.1 ± 15.6 kg), and changes in creatinine-adjusted-BPA concentrations and weight were not significantly related (P>0.05). In sensitivity analysis, omitting subjects with non-detectable BPA concentrations at baseline, there was a trend for a significant treatment x time interaction (P=0.09). CONCLUSION 3-week intervention had no effect on urinary BPA concentrations or weight in women with obesity. Future research is needed to examine intervention effects in individuals with high baseline urine BPA.

This study was carried out to investigate the potential ofPseudomonas aeruginosafor the removal of bisphenol-A (BPA) from synthetic wastewater. To achieve this, BPA removal capability ofP. aeruginosawith respect to BPA concentration, and temperature were examined in batch reactors. Experiments were conducted in the presence/absence of glucose, as a carbon source. The first set of experiments consisted of evaluating the kinetic of removal of BPA at different concentrations (5, 10, 20, and 30 mg BPA/L) without glucose. In the second set of experiments, three different glucose concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 glucose/L) with BPA concentrations were tested. After settlement of theP. aeruginosabiomass in the shakers, supernatants and control groups were filtered and analyzed for BPA using high performance liquid chromatography. In the biotic study, BPA removal rates were between 63 % and 100 %. All concentrations of BPA under 20 mg/L were completely degraded at 25 and 35 ºC at first step. However, 30 mgBPA/L was decreased to 8.56 mg/L byP. aeruginosaat first step at 25 ºC. At the second step, all concentrations of BPA were completely degraded by the cells at the presence of glucose. Hence, it can be summarized that bisphenol A can be used byP. aeruginosaas an external carbon source in the wastewater environments.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic compound with structural similarities to the hormone 17β-estradiol. BPA is a major component of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, which are used in the production of plastic containers, metal can linings, dental sealants, thermal receipt paper and household paper products. Incomplete polymerization of BPA as well as exposure to high temperatures and acidic or basic conditions can cause BPA monomers to leach from these products. Therefore, most people are exposed to BPA and levels have been quantified in human urine, blood, saliva, amniotic fluid, placental tissue, colostrum and breast milk. BPA is a weak estrogen and is considered a potential endocrine disrupting compound in humans. Initially it was thought that BPA was rapidly conjugated and excreted from the body. However, free BPA has been detected in human samples indicating that humans are internally exposed to estrogenically active BPA. The length of time that free BPA remains in circulation in the body and the extent to which it accumulates in tissues, such as the breast, is unknown. Given the known sources of BPA exposure, it is likely that lifestyle habits lead to varying levels of BPA exposure. Repeated use of products that contain or are packaged in materials with a high BPA content can lead to higher exposure rates. The same lifestyle choices resulting in high BPA exposure may also lead to high body mass index (BMI); for example, frequent consumption of carbonated soft drinks is associated with a high BMI in women and these beverages are often packaged in plastic bottles or metal cans that may contain BPA. Two recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between BPA levels in urine and obesity in adults and children. Because of the difficulty in measuring BPA in a complex fatty matrix such as milk, few studies have reported on BPA levels in breast milk, and none have examined the relationship between BMI and BPA. In the present study we optimized a sensitive method for assessing free BPA in breast milk and determined whether the levels of BPA were related to characteristics including age, race, BMI, child's age, and number of children nursed. BPA was separated from breast milk samples from 21 nursing women in the U.S. by solid-phase extraction and subsequently analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. Free BPA was detected in 71% (15/21) of the breast milk samples. The method detection limit in water was determined to be 0.11 ng/mL. Free BPA concentrations were detected ranging from below the method detection limit to 10.81 ng/mL (median 0.49, mean 3.06, SD 3.85 ng/mL). No statistical difference in BPA concentrations was observed between women with a low BMI (&amp;lt; 21.00, n = 10) and a high BMI (&amp;gt; 27.00, n = 11). However, there was a significant association between BPA concentration and race. Caucasian women (n = 14) had significantly higher levels of free BPA in their breast milk than non-Caucasian women (n = 7) (Two-tailed test: t = 2.54, p &amp;lt; 0.05). Citation Format: Stephanie M. Zimmers, Eva P. Browne, Patrick O'Keefe, Douglas L. Anderton, David A. Reckhow, Kathleen F. Arcaro. Determination of free bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in breast milk of U.S. women using a sensitive LC/MS/MS method. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2520. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2520