Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia is an IgM–IgG immune complex disease

Abstract

Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA) is characterized by polyclonal IgG autoantibodies binding to red blood cells (RBC). The characterization of the autoantigen in WAIHA has not yet led to definitive results, and the etiology of RBC autoantibodies remains unclear. An altered control of self-reactive IgG by autologous IgM has been proposed as the underlying mechanism of disease in WAIHA, suggesting that IgM–IgG immune complexes contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease. In the present study, we purified and characterized IgM from plasma of WAIHA patients and from healthy controls using FPLC-based protocols and optical biosensor technology, and investigated IgG present within the IgM fractions. We provide evidence that IgM–IgG immune complexes in plasma and associated with the RBC membrane are the characteristic feature of WAIHA, independent of the etiology of the disease. IgM–IgG immune complexes of WAIHA patients differ from IgM–IgG immune complexes of healthy individuals with regard to quantity and to structural composition. The data suggest that self-immunoglobulin is the original autoantigen underlying WAIHA. The molecular characterization of IgM–IgG immune complexes may define new targets for therapeutic intervention in WAIHA.