Abstract
In some jurisdictions, citizens have the opportunity to cast a vote on issues rather than only for political parties or candidates. This article considers the factors that shape voting behavior in a referendum or other type of direct vote on issues, examining participation, voter decision making, and the implications of direct issue votes for the health of democracy more generally. The various forms and institutions of direct democracy are considered, as well as the dynamics of initiative and referendum campaigns, the sources of campaign information, and the impact of information and predispositions on opinion formation and voting decisions. Four models of voter decision making are examined, and their relative utility in explaining the outcome of direct issue votes is evaluated.
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