Abstract
In this article, numerical modelling was first conducted to investigate the volumetric behaviour of the subsurface ground in a physical model test that imitated the tunnelling process in a loose sand. A new volumetric response mechanism of the subsurface ground was revealed in which the effects of the soil stress path are of particular note. A parametric study was then performed to investigate the effects of relative density of soil, cover-to-depth ratio and displacement patterns around the tunnel on the resulting soil volume loss. The mechanisms by which these factors affect the volumetric behaviour of the subsurface ground were clarified.
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