Abstract
In this paper, a new approach is presented to solve the electric vehicle charging coordination (EVCC) problem considering Volt-VAr control, energy storage device (ESD) operation and dispatchable distributed generation (DG) available in three-phase unbalanced electrical distribution networks (EDNs). Dynamic scheduling for the EVCC is proposed through a step-by-step methodology, which solves a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem for the whole time period. The objective is to minimize the total cost of energy purchased from the substation and DG units, the cost of energy curtailment on electric vehicles, the cost of energy injected from the ESDs, and the cost of energy curtailment on the ESDs. The Volt-VAr control considers the management of on-load tap changers, voltage regulators, and switchable capacitors installed along the grid. Furthermore, the formulation takes into account the voltage dependence of the loads, while the steady-state operation of the unbalanced distribution systems is modeled using linear constraints. The proposed model was tested in a 178-node three-phase unbalanced EDN considering a one-day time period.
Highlights
I NCREASING energy efficiency and reducing energy costs through a Volt VAr control (VVC) in electrical distribution networks (EDNs) has received plenty of attention in recent years [1]–[4]
In order to evaluate the precision of the proposed formulation, all the decision variables of the solution found by the methodology [i.e., the power delivered by each dispatchable distributed generation (DG) unit (PnG,t ); the number of modules connected in each capacitor banks (CBs) (Bn,t ); the tap position for each voltage regulators (VRs); the charging schedule for each electric vehicles (EVs); and the charging and discharging schedule for each energy storage device (ESD) (PuS D + and PuS D −, respectively)] in Case IV were used to solve a conventional AC power flow
A new methodology based on a mixed-integer linear programming model for the electric vehicle charging coordination (EVCC) problem considering Volt VAr control (VVC), energy storage device (ESD) operation, and dispatchable distributed generation (DG) units in a three-phase unbalanced electrical distribution network (EDN), taking into account a voltage dependent load model, was presented
Summary
I NCREASING energy efficiency and reducing energy costs through a Volt VAr control (VVC) in electrical distribution networks (EDNs) has received plenty of attention in recent years [1]–[4]. This work proposes an approach that simultaneously uses the VVC (management of OLTCs, VRs, and CBs), ESD operation, and dispatchable DG units to improve the EVCC in a three-phase unbalanced EDN. This work’s main contributions are as follows: 1) A step-by-step methodology that solves the EVCC problem and finds the optimal operation of the EDN, throughout a centralized coordination which takes into account the benefits and flexibility brought to the grid by VVC devices, ESDs, and dispatchable DG units. 2) A multi–period MILP formulation to solve the EVCC problem together with VVC, ESD operation and dispatchable DG units in a three-phase unbalanced EDN, in which loads are represented via a voltage dependent load model
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